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may become excessive

  • 1 чрезмерно высокий

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > чрезмерно высокий

  • 2 F90

    рус Гиперкинетические расстройства
    eng Hyperkinetic disorders. A group of disorders characterized by an early onset (usually in the first five years of life), lack of persistence in activities that require cognitive involvement, and a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any one, together with disorganized, ill-regulated, and excessive activity. Several other abnormalities may be associated. Hyperkinetic children are often reckless and impulsive, prone to accidents, and find themselves in disciplinary trouble because of unthinking breaches of rules rather than deliberate defiance. Their relationships with adults are often socially disinhibited, with a lack of normal caution and reserve. They are unpopular with other children and may become isolated. Impairment of cognitive functions is common, and specific delays in motor and language development are disproportionately frequent. Secondary complications include dissocial behaviour and low self-esteem. (Excludes: ) anxiety disorders ( F41.-), mood (affective) diso

    Classification of Diseases (English-Russian) > F90

  • 3 anular

    adj.
    1 ring-shaped.
    dedo anular ring finger
    2 annular, ring-shaped.
    Ricardo compró un artefacto anular Richard bought a ring-shaped artifact.
    m.
    1 ring finger (dedo).
    Elsa se quebró el anular Elsa fractured her ring finger.
    2 annular, annular ligament.
    v.
    1 to annul, to leave without effect, to abolish, to invalidate.
    El juez anuló la decisión The judge annulled the decision.
    2 to belittle, to annul, to underrate.
    Dorotea anula a su hijo Dorothy belittles her son.
    3 to chalk off.
    * * *
    1 ring-shaped
    1 ring finger
    ————————
    1 (matrimonio) to annul; (una ley) to repeal; (una sentencia) to quash
    2 (un pedido, viaje) to cancel; (un contrato) to invalidate, cancel
    3 DEPORTE (un gol) to disallow
    4 figurado (desautorizar) to deprive of authority
    1 to lose one's authority
    * * *
    verb
    1) to cancel, annul, rescind
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ contrato] to cancel, rescind; [+ ley] to repeal; [+ decisión] to override; [+ matrimonio] to annul
    2) [+ elecciones, resultado] to declare null and void; [+ gol, tanto] to disallow
    3) [+ cita, viaje, evento] to cancel
    4) [+ cheque] to cancel
    5) [+ efecto] to cancel out, destroy
    6) (Mat) to cancel out
    7) [+ persona] to overshadow
    8) frm (=incapacitar) to deprive of authority, remove from office
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo < forma> ring-shaped
    II 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <contrato/viaje> to cancel; < matrimonio> to annul; <fallo/sentencia> to quash, overturn; < resultado> to declare... null and void; <tanto/gol> to disallow
    b) < cheque> ( destruir) to cancel; ( dar orden de no pagar) to stop
    2) < persona> to destroy
    2.
    anularse v pron (recípr)
    III
    masculino ring finger
    * * *
    = negate, nullify, override, overtake, overturn, render + valueless, render + wrong, repeal, rule out, short-circuit [shortcircuit], stultify, dope, gainsay, eviscerate, wipe out, obliterate, preempt [pre-empt], revoke, undo, waive, quash, block off, write off, blot out, overrule, void.
    Ex. Thus excessive delays in the availability of cataloguing records from the central agency will negate much of the value of a central service.
    Ex. To adopt terms or names in various languages, which are probably unfamiliar in a certain other language, would be to nullify the usefulness of that catalog to all of these users in the interest of cooperation.
    Ex. On the final screen in the sequence, the default values for today's closing time and tomorrow's opening time may be overridden.
    Ex. Why have card-based systems been overtaken by computer databases?.
    Ex. However, any refinement involves greater human intervention, and this in turn can easily overturn the arguments in favour of subject indexes based upon titles.
    Ex. The immense cultural differences facing the professions tends to render comparisons valueless.
    Ex. Further, changes in the external world serve to render judgments, valid at the moment, wrong at best, and detrimental to the effectiveness of the catalog at worst.
    Ex. I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.
    Ex. If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex. A photolithographic process selectively dopes minute areas of the silicon and so builds up circuits.
    Ex. We could even agree that no one in our experience is terribly interested in knowing about all of the works of an author, and this would not gainsay the value of consistent author entry.
    Ex. Also, to become emotionally wedded to a particular view is to eviscerate one's effectiveness in achieving a workable solution.
    Ex. Strong economic forces, inflation and an over-strong pound wiped out any noticeable benefits of EEC membership to industry.
    Ex. Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex. This article concludes that the main value of the indicators is as a management tool, as a means of preempting problems.
    Ex. I would think that we would still charge for lost and damaged books and that we would revoke borrowing privileges of chronic offenders, or whatever we decide to call them.
    Ex. The National Library of Estonia, established in 1918, is undergoing a revolutionary period of undoing the effects of the cultural policies of the communist regime.
    Ex. When only partial success in contracted terms is achieved, the repayment due may be reduced or waived.
    Ex. The author brazenly insists that Woodman's family has compromised the documentation of the photographer's life by effectively quashing most of her work.
    Ex. A globalizing world so devoted to 'diversity,' as the present one is, can ill afford to block off one particular communication channel in favor of any other.
    Ex. They express concern over Povinelli's certainty in writing off that multicultural project, however.
    Ex. Las Vegas was once notorious for loose morals, fast living and financial transactions murky enough to blot out the desert sun.
    Ex. President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex. However, in the case when the user's input fails, we would like to void the reserved funds.
    ----
    * anular las posibilidades = close off + possibilities.
    * anular la validez de un concepto = sterilise + idea.
    * anular una posibilidad = block off + alley.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo < forma> ring-shaped
    II 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <contrato/viaje> to cancel; < matrimonio> to annul; <fallo/sentencia> to quash, overturn; < resultado> to declare... null and void; <tanto/gol> to disallow
    b) < cheque> ( destruir) to cancel; ( dar orden de no pagar) to stop
    2) < persona> to destroy
    2.
    anularse v pron (recípr)
    III
    masculino ring finger
    * * *
    = negate, nullify, override, overtake, overturn, render + valueless, render + wrong, repeal, rule out, short-circuit [shortcircuit], stultify, dope, gainsay, eviscerate, wipe out, obliterate, preempt [pre-empt], revoke, undo, waive, quash, block off, write off, blot out, overrule, void.

    Ex: Thus excessive delays in the availability of cataloguing records from the central agency will negate much of the value of a central service.

    Ex: To adopt terms or names in various languages, which are probably unfamiliar in a certain other language, would be to nullify the usefulness of that catalog to all of these users in the interest of cooperation.
    Ex: On the final screen in the sequence, the default values for today's closing time and tomorrow's opening time may be overridden.
    Ex: Why have card-based systems been overtaken by computer databases?.
    Ex: However, any refinement involves greater human intervention, and this in turn can easily overturn the arguments in favour of subject indexes based upon titles.
    Ex: The immense cultural differences facing the professions tends to render comparisons valueless.
    Ex: Further, changes in the external world serve to render judgments, valid at the moment, wrong at best, and detrimental to the effectiveness of the catalog at worst.
    Ex: I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.
    Ex: If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex: A photolithographic process selectively dopes minute areas of the silicon and so builds up circuits.
    Ex: We could even agree that no one in our experience is terribly interested in knowing about all of the works of an author, and this would not gainsay the value of consistent author entry.
    Ex: Also, to become emotionally wedded to a particular view is to eviscerate one's effectiveness in achieving a workable solution.
    Ex: Strong economic forces, inflation and an over-strong pound wiped out any noticeable benefits of EEC membership to industry.
    Ex: Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex: This article concludes that the main value of the indicators is as a management tool, as a means of preempting problems.
    Ex: I would think that we would still charge for lost and damaged books and that we would revoke borrowing privileges of chronic offenders, or whatever we decide to call them.
    Ex: The National Library of Estonia, established in 1918, is undergoing a revolutionary period of undoing the effects of the cultural policies of the communist regime.
    Ex: When only partial success in contracted terms is achieved, the repayment due may be reduced or waived.
    Ex: The author brazenly insists that Woodman's family has compromised the documentation of the photographer's life by effectively quashing most of her work.
    Ex: A globalizing world so devoted to 'diversity,' as the present one is, can ill afford to block off one particular communication channel in favor of any other.
    Ex: They express concern over Povinelli's certainty in writing off that multicultural project, however.
    Ex: Las Vegas was once notorious for loose morals, fast living and financial transactions murky enough to blot out the desert sun.
    Ex: President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex: However, in the case when the user's input fails, we would like to void the reserved funds.
    * anular las posibilidades = close off + possibilities.
    * anular la validez de un concepto = sterilise + idea.
    * anular una posibilidad = block off + alley.

    * * *
    ‹forma› ring-shaped dedo
    anular2 [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹contrato› to cancel, rescind; ‹matrimonio› to annul; ‹fallo/sentencia› to quash, overturn; ‹resultado› to declare … null and void; ‹tanto/gol› to disallow
    2 ‹cheque› (destruir) to cancel; (dar orden de no pagar) to stop
    3 ‹viaje/compromiso› to cancel
    B ‹persona› to destroy
    las dos fuerzas se anulan the two forces cancel each other out
    ring finger
    * * *

     

    anular verbo transitivo
    a) ‹contrato/viaje› to cancel;

    ‹ matrimonio› to annul;
    ‹fallo/sentencia› to quash, overturn;
    ‹ resultado› to declare … null and void;
    ‹tanto/gol› to disallow
    b) ‹ cheque› ( destruir) to cancel;

    ( dar orden de no pagar) to stop
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    finger ring
    anular 1 sustantivo masculino ring finger
    anular 2 verbo transitivo
    1 Com (un pedido) to cancel
    Dep (un gol) to disallow
    (un matrimonio) to annul
    Jur (una ley) to repeal
    2 Inform to delete
    3 (desautorizar, ignorar a una persona) to destroy
    ' anular' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dedo
    English:
    annul
    - cancel out
    - disallow
    - invalidate
    - negate
    - nullify
    - off
    - override
    - quash
    - rescind
    - ring finger
    - scrub
    - cancel
    - finger
    - over
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    [en forma de anillo] ring-shaped;
    dedo anular ring finger
    ♦ nm
    [dedo] ring finger
    ♦ vt
    1. [cancelar] to cancel;
    [ley] to repeal; [matrimonio, contrato] to annul
    2. Dep [partido] to call off;
    [gol] to disallow; [resultado] to declare void
    3. [restar iniciativa]
    su marido la anula totalmente she's totally dominated by her husband;
    el defensa anuló a la estrella del equipo contrario the defender marked the opposing team's star out of the game
    * * *
    1 v/t cancel; matrimonio annul; gol disallow; ley repeal
    2 adj ring-shaped;
    dedo anular ring finger
    * * *
    anular vt
    : to annul, to cancel
    * * *
    anular vb
    1. (cita, viaje, etc) to cancel [pt. & pp. cancelled]
    2. (matrimonio) to annul [pt. & pp. annulled]
    3. (gol, tanto) to disallow

    Spanish-English dictionary > anular

  • 4 cobrar

    v.
    1 to charge (commerce) (money).
    nos cobra 700 euros de alquiler al mes she charges us 700 euros rent a month, we pay her 700 euros rent a month
    me cobró de más he overcharged me
    ¿me cobra? how much do I owe you? (al pagar)
    Ella cobra los martes She draws her pay every Tuesday.
    2 to earn, to be paid (un sueldo).
    cobra un millón al año she earns a million a year
    está cobrando el paro he's receiving unemployment benefit
    3 to take on, to acquire.
    cobrar fama to become famous
    4 to get paid.
    5 to collect, to recover, to retrieve.
    Ella cobra su sueldo los martes She collects her paycheck every Tuesday.
    6 to collect payment from, to ask for payment, to bill.
    Ella le cobra a María She collects payment from Mary.
    7 to gain, to take on, to get up, to pick up.
    Su auto cobró velocidad His car gained velocity.
    8 to cash in, to cash, to encash.
    Ricardo cobró su cheque Richard cashed in his check.
    9 to claim.
    Ella cobra una gran indemnización She claims a big compensation.
    * * *
    1 (fijar precio por) to charge; (cheques) to cash; (salario) to earn
    ■ ¿cuánto te ha cobrado? how much did he charge you?
    ■ ¿cuánto cobras? how much do you earn?
    2 (caza) to retrieve
    3 to get
    4 figurado (adquirir) to gain, get
    ■ le he cobrado cariño a ese lugar I've taken a liking to this place, I've grown fond of this place
    1 to be in for it
    1 (dinero) to take, collect
    ■ cóbrate el café can you take for the coffee?
    2 (víctimas) to claim
    3 (recuperar) to recover (de, from); (volver en sí) to come round
    \
    cobrarse venganza to take revenge
    * * *
    verb
    3) get, earn
    4) draw
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=pedir como pago) to charge

    ¿qué me va usted a cobrar? — what are you going to charge me?

    ¿cuánto os cobra de alquiler? — how much rent does she charge you?

    me han cobrado demasiado — they've charged me too much, they've overcharged me

    ¿me cobra, por favor? — how much do I owe you?, can I have the bill, please?

    ¿me cobra los cafés? — how much do I owe you for the coffees?

    2) (=recibir)

    no han cobrado el dinero prometido — they haven't been paid o received the money they were promised

    cobran un sueldo anual de nueve millones — they get o earn o receive an annual salary of nine million

    ¿cuánto cobras al año? — how much do you get o earn a year?

    cantidades a o por cobrar — amounts payable, amounts due

    cuentas a o por cobrar — accounts receivable

    3) (=recoger dinero de) [+ deuda, alquiler, impuesto] to collect; [+ cheque] to cash; [+ subsidio, pensión] to draw
    4) (=adquirir)

    • cobrar cariño a algn — to grow fond of sb

    • cobrar fama — to become famous

    cobrar fama de inteligente/ladrón — to acquire a reputation for being intelligent/a thief

    • cobrar vida — [personaje, juego] to come alive

    5) (=recuperar) [+ pieza de caza] to retrieve, fetch; [+ cuerda] to pull in, take in
    6) LAm
    2. VI
    1) (=recibir dinero)
    a) [como sueldo] to be paid

    el lechero vino a cobrar — the milkman came for his money, the milkman came to be paid

    los atletas cobran por participar en la carrera — the athletes get paid o receive a fee for taking part in the race

    b) [por servicio] to charge
    2) * (=recibir golpes)

    ¡vas a cobrar! — you're (in) for it!

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <precio/suma> to charge

    nos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler — they charge us o we pay 30,000 pesos in rent

    cobrar algo por algo/+ inf — to charge something for something/-ing

    b) < sueldo> to earn

    cobra 200.000 pesetas al mes — he earns 200,000 pesetas a month

    cobrar la pensión — to collect o draw one's pension

    2) < alquiler> to charge

    nos cobra un alquiler altísimo — he charges us o we pay him a very high rent

    ¿me cobra estas cervezas? — can I pay for these beers, please?

    3)
    a) < deuda> to recover
    b) < cheque> to cash
    4)
    a) (Chi) ( pedir)
    b) (Chi) <gol/falta> to give
    5)
    a) ( adquirir)
    b) ( tomar)
    6) ( en caza) ( matar) to shoot, bag
    7)
    a) (period) <vidas/víctimas> to claim
    b) < botín> to carry off
    c) (Náut) to haul in
    2.
    cobrar vi
    a)

    cobrar por algo/+ inf — to charge for something/-ing

    ¿me cobra, por favor? — can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?

    llámame por cobrar — (Chi, Méx) call collect (AmE), reverse the charges (BrE)

    b) ( recibir el sueldo) to be paid
    c) (fam) ( recibir una paliza)
    3.
    cobrarse v pron

    tenga, cóbrese — here you are

    cóbrese las cervezas — can you take for the beers, please?

    2) < víctimas> to claim
    * * *
    = cash in, charge, exact + payment, levy + charge, debit.
    Ex. They have implemented a voluntary system for libraries of charging for photocopies with flat-rate 5 franc tokens, which can either be re-used by the recipient or cashed in for 4 francs.
    Ex. Information providers pay a fee to British Telecom, and may then charge users for each frame that they consult.
    Ex. Excessive emphasis on the need to exact payment will stifle the flow of information.
    Ex. Accordingly, the local library committee decided to levy a charge of 15 cents on each book borrowed, with suitable reductions for the elderly.
    Ex. An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).
    ----
    * Algo por lo que se puede cobrar = billable.
    * cobrar comisión = charge + commission.
    * cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.
    * cobrar fuerza = gather + strength, grow in + power, gain + strength.
    * cobrar fuerzas = gain + strength.
    * cobrar ímpetu = gain + momentum, gather + strength, gain + impetus.
    * cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.
    * cobrar impulso = gain + strength.
    * cobrar intensidad = gather + momentum, gain + momentum, pick up + speed, gather + pace.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * cobrar relevancia = be on the agenda.
    * cobrarse = face + charges, be billable.
    * cobrarse la vida de Alguien = claim + life.
    * cobrarse muchas vidas = take + a heavy toll of life.
    * cobrar tarifa = charge + commission.
    * cobrar una cuota = charge + fee.
    * cobrar una factura = collect + payment, receive + payment.
    * cobrar una multa = charge + fine.
    * cobrar una pensión = draw + a pension.
    * cobrar un precio = charge + price.
    * cobrar velocidad = gather + momentum, gather + pace.
    * cobrar vida = come + alive, come to + life.
    * por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.
    * sin certeza de cobrar = on spec.
    * sin cobrar = free of charge, unredeemed, uncollected.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <precio/suma> to charge

    nos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler — they charge us o we pay 30,000 pesos in rent

    cobrar algo por algo/+ inf — to charge something for something/-ing

    b) < sueldo> to earn

    cobra 200.000 pesetas al mes — he earns 200,000 pesetas a month

    cobrar la pensión — to collect o draw one's pension

    2) < alquiler> to charge

    nos cobra un alquiler altísimo — he charges us o we pay him a very high rent

    ¿me cobra estas cervezas? — can I pay for these beers, please?

    3)
    a) < deuda> to recover
    b) < cheque> to cash
    4)
    a) (Chi) ( pedir)
    b) (Chi) <gol/falta> to give
    5)
    a) ( adquirir)
    b) ( tomar)
    6) ( en caza) ( matar) to shoot, bag
    7)
    a) (period) <vidas/víctimas> to claim
    b) < botín> to carry off
    c) (Náut) to haul in
    2.
    cobrar vi
    a)

    cobrar por algo/+ inf — to charge for something/-ing

    ¿me cobra, por favor? — can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?

    llámame por cobrar — (Chi, Méx) call collect (AmE), reverse the charges (BrE)

    b) ( recibir el sueldo) to be paid
    c) (fam) ( recibir una paliza)
    3.
    cobrarse v pron

    tenga, cóbrese — here you are

    cóbrese las cervezas — can you take for the beers, please?

    2) < víctimas> to claim
    * * *
    = cash in, charge, exact + payment, levy + charge, debit.

    Ex: They have implemented a voluntary system for libraries of charging for photocopies with flat-rate 5 franc tokens, which can either be re-used by the recipient or cashed in for 4 francs.

    Ex: Information providers pay a fee to British Telecom, and may then charge users for each frame that they consult.
    Ex: Excessive emphasis on the need to exact payment will stifle the flow of information.
    Ex: Accordingly, the local library committee decided to levy a charge of 15 cents on each book borrowed, with suitable reductions for the elderly.
    Ex: An acquisitions file is intended to indicate the status of each title on order, together with information on its ordering (supplier, date etc., for whom it was ordered, and the heading or budget to which the cost is to be debited).
    * Algo por lo que se puede cobrar = billable.
    * cobrar comisión = charge + commission.
    * cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.
    * cobrar fuerza = gather + strength, grow in + power, gain + strength.
    * cobrar fuerzas = gain + strength.
    * cobrar ímpetu = gain + momentum, gather + strength, gain + impetus.
    * cobrar importancia = assume + importance, take on + added weight, move up + the agenda, gain + importance, be on the agenda.
    * cobrar impulso = gain + strength.
    * cobrar intensidad = gather + momentum, gain + momentum, pick up + speed, gather + pace.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * cobrar relevancia = be on the agenda.
    * cobrarse = face + charges, be billable.
    * cobrarse la vida de Alguien = claim + life.
    * cobrarse muchas vidas = take + a heavy toll of life.
    * cobrar tarifa = charge + commission.
    * cobrar una cuota = charge + fee.
    * cobrar una factura = collect + payment, receive + payment.
    * cobrar una multa = charge + fine.
    * cobrar una pensión = draw + a pension.
    * cobrar un precio = charge + price.
    * cobrar velocidad = gather + momentum, gather + pace.
    * cobrar vida = come + alive, come to + life.
    * por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.
    * sin certeza de cobrar = on spec.
    * sin cobrar = free of charge, unredeemed, uncollected.

    * * *
    cobrar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹precio/suma› to charge
    me cobró $1.000 she charged me $1,000
    nos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler they charge us o we pay 30,000 pesos in rent
    cobrar algo POR algo to charge sth FOR sth
    me cobró una barbaridad por la comida/por cambiar el aceite he charged me a ridiculous amount for the meal/for changing the oil
    cobran 500 pesos por kilómetro they charge 500 pesos per kilometer
    2 ‹sueldo/pensión›
    cobra 2.000 euros al mes y no hace nada he earns 2,000 euros a month and does nothing
    todavía no hemos cobrado la paga de junio we still haven't been paid for June
    cobra el sueldo por el banco his salary is paid straight into the bank
    todavía no ha ido a cobrar la pensión she still hasn't been to collect o draw her pension
    cobró el subsidio de desempleo durante seis meses he received unemployment benefit for six months
    B
    1 ‹alquiler/impuesto› to charge
    nos cobra un alquiler altísimo he charges us o we pay him a very high rent
    te cobrarán el IVA you will be charged sales tax/VAT
    no nos cobran la electricidad they don't charge us for electricity
    vino a cobrar el alquiler she came for the rent o to collect the rent
    el departamento que se encargará de cobrar el nuevo impuesto the department which will be responsible for the collection of the new tax
    2 ‹bebidas/fruta›
    ¿me cobras estas cervezas, por favor? can you take for these beers, please?, can I pay for these beers, please?
    se equivocó y me cobró el vino dos veces he made a mistake and charged me twice for the wine
    está cobrando las entradas he's taking the money for the tickets
    C
    1 ‹deuda› to recover
    vengo a cobrar esta factura I've come for payment of this bill
    nunca llegó a cobrar esas facturas he never received payment for those bills
    vino a cobrar la factura de la cocina she came to collect payment for the stove
    lo único que hago es cobrar deudas all I do is collect debts
    2 ‹cheque› to cash
    D
    ( Chi) (pedir): le cobré los libros que le presté I asked him to give back o return the books I'd lent him o I asked him for the books I'd lent him
    cobrarle la palabra a algn ( Chi fam); to hold sb to his/her/their word
    E
    ( Chi) ( Dep) (conceder) ‹gol/falta› to give, award; ( Per) (sacar) ‹tiro libre/pénal› to take
    F
    1
    (adquirir): cobrar importancia/fama to become important/famous
    las negociaciones cobraron un nuevo impulso the negotiations were given fresh impetus
    cobran especial relieve los trabajos del Instituto cuando … the work done by the Institute takes on special significance when …
    se detuvo a cobrar fuerzas he stopped to get his strength back
    cobró ánimos y fue a decírselo he plucked up the courage and went and told her
    2
    (tomar): cobrarle cariño a algn to grow fond of sb
    con el tiempo le fui cobrando cariño as time went by I grew fond of her
    cobrarle sentimientos a algn ( Chi); to be upset with sb
    1 (matar) to shoot, bag
    2 «perro» to retrieve
    H
    1 ( period); ‹vidas/víctimas› to claim
    2 ‹botín› to carry off
    3 ( Náut) to haul in
    ■ cobrar
    vi
    1
    (por un servicio, unas mercancías): vino el lechero a cobrar the milkman came to be paid
    ¿me cobra, por favor? can I have the check please?, can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?
    llámame por cobrar (Chi, Méx); call collect ( AmE), reverse the charges ( BrE)
    2 (recibir el sueldo) to be paid
    llevamos dos meses sin cobrar we haven't been paid for two months
    3 ( fam)
    (recibir una paliza): ¡como no te estés quieto, vas a cobrar! if you don't keep still you're going to get it! ( colloq)
    A
    (recibir dinero): tenga, cóbrese here you are
    cóbrese las cervezas de aquí can you take for these beers?, can I pay for these beers?
    B ‹víctimas› to claim
    * * *

     

    cobrar ( conjugate cobrar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹precio/suma/intereses› to charge;

    ◊ nos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler they charge us 30,000 pesos in rent;

    cobrar algo por algo/hacer algo to charge sth for sth/doing sth;
    vino a cobrar el alquiler she came for the rent o to collect the rent;
    ¿me cobra estas cervezas? can I pay for these beers, please?;
    me cobró el vino dos veces he charged me twice for the wine
    b) ‹ sueldo› to earn;

    ‹ pensión› to draw;
    ◊ cobra 2.000 euros al mes he earns/draws 2,000 euros a month;

    todavía no hemos cobrado junio we still haven't been paid for June
    c) ‹ deuda› to recover;


    d) ‹ cheque› to cash

    2
    a) (Chi) ( pedir):


    b) (Chi) ‹gol/falta› to give

    3 ( adquirir) ‹ fuerzas› to gather;
    ◊ cobrar fama/importancia become famous/important

    4 (period) ‹vidas/víctimas› to claim
    verbo intransitivo
    a) cobrar por algo/hacer algo to charge for sth/doing sth;

    ◊ ¿me cobra, por favor? can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?;

    llámame por cobrar (Chi, Méx) call collect (AmE), reverse the charges (BrE)

    cobrarse verbo pronominal

    ◊ tenga, cóbrese here you are;

    cóbrese las cervezas can you take for the beers, please?
    b) ( period) ‹vidas/víctimas› to claim

    cobrar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (pedir un precio) to charge
    (exigir el pago) to collect
    (recibir el pago de una deuda) to recover
    2 (un cheque, un billete de lotería) to cash
    (recibir el salario) to earn: aún no han cobrado el sueldo, they still haven't been paid their salary
    cobra un buen sueldo, he earns a good salary
    3 figurado (alcanzar, lograr) to gain, get: su proyecto cobra hoy importancia, today his project is becoming important
    cobrar ánimos, to take heart
    4 (empezar a sentir) cobrar afecto a alguien/algo, to become very fond of sb/sthg
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (exigir un pago) ¿me cobra, por favor? I'd like to pay now, please
    nunca me cobra, he never charges me
    2 (recibir el salario) to be paid
    3 fam (recibir una zurra) to catch it, get it
    ' cobrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    clavar
    - llevar
    - tesorería
    - animar
    - hora
    - paro
    - pensión
    - soplar
    - tomar
    - velocidad
    English:
    arrears
    - carer
    - cash
    - cash in
    - charge
    - collect
    - draw
    - gather
    - momentum
    - overcharge
    - pay
    - receive
    - recover
    - retrieve
    - sting
    - undercharge
    - unpaid
    - check
    - claim
    - extra
    - going
    - levy
    - life
    - reverse
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. Com [dinero] to charge;
    [cheque] to cash; [deuda] to collect;
    cantidades por cobrar amounts due;
    ¿me cobra, por favor? how much do I owe you?;
    nos cobra 1.000 euros de alquiler al mes she charges us 1,000 euros rent a month, we pay her 1,000 euros rent a month;
    cobran 10 euros por página they charge 10 euros per page;
    te cobrarán un mínimo de 10 euros por arreglarte los zapatos it'll cost you at least 10 euros to get your shoes mended;
    me cobró 1.000 pesos de más he overcharged me by 1,000 pesos;
    me cobraron 200 pesos de menos they undercharged me by 200 pesos;
    nos cobró por adelantado we had to pay her in advance;
    no me cobraron impuestos they didn't charge me tax;
    cóbrelo todo junto put it all together, we'll pay for it all together;
    no nos cobró la mano de obra he didn't charge us for labour;
    le cobrarán en aquella ventanilla you can pay at that counter over there;
    el lechero vino a cobrar la factura mensual the milkman came with the monthly bill
    2. [un sueldo] to earn, to be paid;
    cobra un millón al año she earns a million a year;
    en junio cobraremos una prima we'll be paid a bonus in June;
    cobro mi pensión por el banco my pension is paid straight into the bank;
    está cobrando el paro he's receiving unemployment benefit;
    sobrevive cobrando diferentes subsidios she lives by claiming a number of different benefits;
    tengo que ir a cobrar la jubilación I have to go and draw my pension;
    no cobro nada, lo hago porque me gusta I don't get paid for it, I do it because I enjoy it
    3. [adquirir] to take on, to acquire;
    con su último disco ha cobrado fama universal with her latest record she has achieved worldwide fame o she has become a household name;
    cada día cobran más importancia los temas medioambientales the environment is an issue which is becoming more and more important o which is gaining in importance;
    cobró aliento y prosiguió la marcha he paused to get his breath back and continued walking;
    cobrar velocidad to gather o gain speed
    4. [sentir]
    cobrarle afecto o [m5]cariño a algo/alguien to take a liking to sth/sb;
    le cobró miedo al perro y no se atrevió a acercársele she got scared of the dog and didn't dare go near it
    5. [recuperar] to retrieve, to recover;
    las tropas cobraron el aeropuerto the troops regained control of the airport
    6. [en caza] [matar a tiros] to shoot;
    [recoger] to retrieve, to fetch;
    cobraron doscientas aves en un solo día they came back with two hundred birds in just one day
    7. CSur [señalar]
    el juez cobró penal/falta the referee gave a penalty/foul
    ♦ vi
    1. [en el trabajo] to get paid;
    cobrarás el día 5 de cada mes you'll be paid on the 5th of every month;
    llevan un año sin cobrar they haven't had any wages for a year;
    cobrar en efectivo to be o get paid (in) cash
    2. Fam [recibir una paliza]
    ¡vas a cobrar! you'll catch it!;
    el niño cobró por portarse mal the child got a beating for being naughty
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 charge
    2 subsidio, pensión receive; deuda collect; cheque cash
    3 salud, fuerzas recover
    4 importancia acquire
    II v/i
    1 be paid, get paid
    2
    :
    vas a cobrar fam ( recibir un palo) you’re going to get it! fam
    * * *
    cobrar vt
    1) : to charge
    2) : to collect, to draw, to earn
    3) : to acquire, to gain
    4) : to recover, to retrieve
    5) : to cash (a check)
    6) : to claim, to take (a life)
    7) : to shoot (game), to bag
    cobrar vi
    1) : to be paid
    2)
    llamar por cobrar Mex : to call collect
    * * *
    cobrar vb
    1. (recibir salario) to be paid / to earn
    ¿cuánto cobras? how much do you earn?
    3. (talón) to cash
    4. (fijar precio) to charge
    5. (recibir un golpe) to get a smack
    cobrar importancia to become important [pt. became; pp. become}]

    Spanish-English dictionary > cobrar

  • 5 encrespar

    v.
    1 to curl (pelo).
    2 to irritate.
    3 to ruffle, to crisp, to curl, to frizz.
    Encrespamos la tela We ruffled the fabric.
    4 to make choppy.
    La tormenta encrespó el mar The storm made the sea choppy.
    * * *
    1 (pelo) to curl, frizz
    2 (mar) to make choppy, make rough
    3 figurado (enfurecer) to infuriate
    1 (pelo) to stand on end
    2 (mar) to get rough
    3 figurado (enfurecerse) to get cross, get irritated
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=rizar) [+ pelo] to curl; [+ plumas] to ruffle; [+ agua] to ripple; [+ mar] to make rough
    2) (=irritar) to anger, irritate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < pelo> to make... go curly; < mar> to make... rough o choppy
    b) < pasiones> to arouse, inflame (liter)
    c) < persona> to irritate, annoy
    2.
    encresparse v pron pelo to curl, go curly; mar to get rough o choppy; pasiones to be aroused, be inflamed (liter); persona to become irritated
    * * *
    = bristle, irritate, annoy, exasperate.
    Ex. In the course of reading this article, you may spot a factual error which makes you bristle, or you may think the writing is biased, but by now the ink has dried; all you can do is send a letter of complaint.
    Ex. Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex. Library pests are any humans, large or microscopic beasts, library equipment or installations, or chemical and biological substances that hamper or annoy the reader.
    Ex. Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < pelo> to make... go curly; < mar> to make... rough o choppy
    b) < pasiones> to arouse, inflame (liter)
    c) < persona> to irritate, annoy
    2.
    encresparse v pron pelo to curl, go curly; mar to get rough o choppy; pasiones to be aroused, be inflamed (liter); persona to become irritated
    * * *
    = bristle, irritate, annoy, exasperate.

    Ex: In the course of reading this article, you may spot a factual error which makes you bristle, or you may think the writing is biased, but by now the ink has dried; all you can do is send a letter of complaint.

    Ex: Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex: Library pests are any humans, large or microscopic beasts, library equipment or installations, or chemical and biological substances that hamper or annoy the reader.
    Ex: Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.

    * * *
    encrespar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹pelo› to make … go curly; ‹mar› to make … rough o choppy
    navegaban en un mar encrespado they were sailing in rough o choppy waters
    2 ‹pasiones› to arouse, inflame ( liter)
    3 ‹persona› to irritate, annoy
    1 «pelo» to curl, go curly; «mar» to get rough o choppy
    2 «pasiones» to be aroused, be inflamed ( liter)
    se fueron encrespando los ánimos tempers became frayed
    3 «persona» to become irritated
    * * *

    encrespar ( conjugate encrespar) verbo transitivo ‹ pelo› to make … go curly;
    ‹ mar› to make … rough o choppy
    encresparse verbo pronominal [ pelo] to curl, go curly;
    [ mar] to get rough o choppy
    ' encrespar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    curl
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [pelo] to curl
    2. [mar] to make choppy o rough
    3. [irritar] [persona] to irritate;
    [ambiente] to inflame;
    sus comentarios encresparon los ánimos her remarks raised people's hackles
    * * *
    v/t
    1 pelo curl
    2 mar make rough o
    choppy
    3 fig
    ánimos arouse, inflame;
    su intervención encrespó el debate/el ambiente her intervention made the debate/the atmosphere even more heated
    * * *
    1) : to curl, to ruffle, to ripple
    2) : to annoy, to irritate

    Spanish-English dictionary > encrespar

  • 6 invalidar

    v.
    to invalidate.
    * * *
    1 to invalidate
    * * *
    VT [+ certificado, resultado] to invalidate, nullify; [+ decisión] to reverse; [+ leyes] to repeal
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < documento> to invalidate, nullify; <premisa/argumento> to invalidate
    * * *
    = negate, override, overturn, render + redundant, render + suspect, render + wrong, rule out, rule out, short-circuit [shortcircuit], stultify, eviscerate, deflate, invalidate, preempt [pre-empt], pull + the plug on, overrule, void, make + redundant.
    Ex. Thus excessive delays in the availability of cataloguing records from the central agency will negate much of the value of a central service.
    Ex. On the final screen in the sequence, the default values for today's closing time and tomorrow's opening time may be overridden.
    Ex. However, any refinement involves greater human intervention, and this in turn can easily overturn the arguments in favour of subject indexes based upon titles.
    Ex. We need to replace those aspects of traditional public library service which have been taken over by other media or rendered redundant by social change.
    Ex. Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex. Further, changes in the external world serve to render judgments, valid at the moment, wrong at best, and detrimental to the effectiveness of the catalog at worst.
    Ex. If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex. If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex. Also, to become emotionally wedded to a particular view is to eviscerate one's effectiveness in achieving a workable solution.
    Ex. These developments deflate some traditional assumptions about and privileges associated with scientific and technical knowledge.
    Ex. However, in November 1976, with the eighth edition still hot from the press, the decision to revert wholly to indirect subdivision was implemented, thus invalidating a substantial part of the Introduction to the eighth edition.
    Ex. This article concludes that the main value of the indicators is as a management tool, as a means of preempting problems.
    Ex. However, the effects of media conglomeration on Times Mirror for bottom line results would pull the plug on the New York venture that was nearing its provisional term and beginning to show positive results.
    Ex. President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex. However, in the case when the user's input fails, we would like to void the reserved funds.
    Ex. In one breath you say it's not very valuable and technologies will soon be here to make it redundant and in the next breath boast of its capabilities - you just can't have it both ways!.
    ----
    * invalidar las críticas = disarm + criticism.
    * invalidar las quejas = disarm + complaints.
    * invalidar un argumento = invalidate + argument.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < documento> to invalidate, nullify; <premisa/argumento> to invalidate
    * * *
    = negate, override, overturn, render + redundant, render + suspect, render + wrong, rule out, rule out, short-circuit [shortcircuit], stultify, eviscerate, deflate, invalidate, preempt [pre-empt], pull + the plug on, overrule, void, make + redundant.

    Ex: Thus excessive delays in the availability of cataloguing records from the central agency will negate much of the value of a central service.

    Ex: On the final screen in the sequence, the default values for today's closing time and tomorrow's opening time may be overridden.
    Ex: However, any refinement involves greater human intervention, and this in turn can easily overturn the arguments in favour of subject indexes based upon titles.
    Ex: We need to replace those aspects of traditional public library service which have been taken over by other media or rendered redundant by social change.
    Ex: Poor standards of cataloguing in the past render many examples of retrospective music bibliography suspect.
    Ex: Further, changes in the external world serve to render judgments, valid at the moment, wrong at best, and detrimental to the effectiveness of the catalog at worst.
    Ex: If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex: If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex: Also, to become emotionally wedded to a particular view is to eviscerate one's effectiveness in achieving a workable solution.
    Ex: These developments deflate some traditional assumptions about and privileges associated with scientific and technical knowledge.
    Ex: However, in November 1976, with the eighth edition still hot from the press, the decision to revert wholly to indirect subdivision was implemented, thus invalidating a substantial part of the Introduction to the eighth edition.
    Ex: This article concludes that the main value of the indicators is as a management tool, as a means of preempting problems.
    Ex: However, the effects of media conglomeration on Times Mirror for bottom line results would pull the plug on the New York venture that was nearing its provisional term and beginning to show positive results.
    Ex: President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex: However, in the case when the user's input fails, we would like to void the reserved funds.
    Ex: In one breath you say it's not very valuable and technologies will soon be here to make it redundant and in the next breath boast of its capabilities - you just can't have it both ways!.
    * invalidar las críticas = disarm + criticism.
    * invalidar las quejas = disarm + complaints.
    * invalidar un argumento = invalidate + argument.

    * * *
    invalidar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹documento› to invalidate, nullify; ‹premisa/argumento› to invalidate
    * * *

    invalidar verbo transitivo to invalidate
    ' invalidar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    invalidate
    - negate
    - overrule
    - over
    * * *
    [sujeto: circunstancias] to invalidate; [sujeto: juez] to declare invalid;
    les invalidaron dos goles they had two goals disallowed
    * * *
    v/t invalidate
    * * *
    : to nullify, to invalidate

    Spanish-English dictionary > invalidar

  • 7 irritar

    v.
    1 to irritate.
    Su actitud irrita a Ricardo His attitude irritates Richard.
    La loción irrita la piel The lotion irritates the skin.
    2 to annul.
    El documento irrita la apelación The document annuls the appeal.
    * * *
    1 to irritate
    1 to lose one's temper, get annoyed
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=enfadar) to irritate
    2) (Med) to irritate
    3) [+ celos, pasiones] to stir up, inflame
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <piel/garganta> to irritate
    b) < persona> to annoy, irritate
    2.
    irritarse v pron
    a) piel/ojos to become irritated
    b) persona to get annoyed, get irritated
    * * *
    = irk, needle, irritate, rattle + Posesivo + cage, rub + Nombre + up the wrong way, spite, annoy, roil, nerve, gall, rile, peeve, enrage, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, exasperate, touch + a (raw) nerve, raise + Posesivo + hackles.
    Ex. She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.
    Ex. She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.
    Ex. Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex. The author maintains that his poem makes an attempt to rattle the cage and is a gesture toward revolt, a call to abandon any vision of human life that does not embrace the sexual universe.
    Ex. Relations between the two countries would now be difficult as our Prime Minister had rubbed theirs up the wrong way over ridiculous matters.
    Ex. Men's abuse of children is in many instances instrumental in order to coerce or retaliate against women, echoing the Greek myth of Medea who killed her own children to spite her father.
    Ex. Library pests are any humans, large or microscopic beasts, library equipment or installations, or chemical and biological substances that hamper or annoy the reader.
    Ex. Episcopalians were roiled by the approval of a rector outspokenly conservative on such matters as the liturgy, the hymnal and ordination.
    Ex. But there's something which has nerved me before with the forum.
    Ex. It was the American attitude of superiority that galled them the most.
    Ex. Now is not the time for superfluous rantings intended to rile the public.
    Ex. Things like talking over the performances and cutting to commercials in the middle of performances were really peaving the people who watched.
    Ex. On a recent field trip, he drank too much and became enraged with another student by whom he felt insulted.
    Ex. Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex. His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex. Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex. Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex. But be prepared to raise some hackles if you take this approach, because it is essential you do it openly and not behind your boss' back.
    ----
    * irritarse con = get + short with.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <piel/garganta> to irritate
    b) < persona> to annoy, irritate
    2.
    irritarse v pron
    a) piel/ojos to become irritated
    b) persona to get annoyed, get irritated
    * * *
    = irk, needle, irritate, rattle + Posesivo + cage, rub + Nombre + up the wrong way, spite, annoy, roil, nerve, gall, rile, peeve, enrage, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, exasperate, touch + a (raw) nerve, raise + Posesivo + hackles.

    Ex: She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.

    Ex: She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.
    Ex: Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex: The author maintains that his poem makes an attempt to rattle the cage and is a gesture toward revolt, a call to abandon any vision of human life that does not embrace the sexual universe.
    Ex: Relations between the two countries would now be difficult as our Prime Minister had rubbed theirs up the wrong way over ridiculous matters.
    Ex: Men's abuse of children is in many instances instrumental in order to coerce or retaliate against women, echoing the Greek myth of Medea who killed her own children to spite her father.
    Ex: Library pests are any humans, large or microscopic beasts, library equipment or installations, or chemical and biological substances that hamper or annoy the reader.
    Ex: Episcopalians were roiled by the approval of a rector outspokenly conservative on such matters as the liturgy, the hymnal and ordination.
    Ex: But there's something which has nerved me before with the forum.
    Ex: It was the American attitude of superiority that galled them the most.
    Ex: Now is not the time for superfluous rantings intended to rile the public.
    Ex: Things like talking over the performances and cutting to commercials in the middle of performances were really peaving the people who watched.
    Ex: On a recent field trip, he drank too much and became enraged with another student by whom he felt insulted.
    Ex: Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex: His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex: Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex: Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex: But be prepared to raise some hackles if you take this approach, because it is essential you do it openly and not behind your boss' back.
    * irritarse con = get + short with.

    * * *
    irritar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹piel/garganta› to irritate
    el humo le irritaba los ojos the smoke was irritating his eyes
    tiene la garganta irritada his throat is sore o inflamed
    2 ‹persona› to annoy, irritate
    1 «piel/ojos» to become irritated
    2 «persona» to get annoyed, get irritated
    se irritó por lo que le dije he got annoyed o irritated at what I said
    nunca se irrita con las críticas de sus adversarios she never gets annoyed at her opponents' criticisms
    * * *

    irritar ( conjugate irritar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹piel/garganta› to irritate;

    ◊ tiene la garganta irritada his throat is sore o inflamed


    irritarse verbo pronominal
    a) [piel/ojos] to become irritated


    irritar verbo transitivo to irritate
    ' irritar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    crispar
    - enfermar
    - picar
    - provocar
    - chocar
    - fastidiar
    - reventar
    English:
    gall
    - irk
    - irritate
    - needle
    - rile
    - roil
    - rub
    - annoy
    - vex
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [enfadar] to irritate, to annoy
    2. [piel, garganta] to irritate;
    me irritó la garganta/piel it gave me a sore throat/a rash;
    el humo me irrita los pulmones smoke irritates my lungs
    * * *
    v/t tb MED irritate
    * * *
    : to irritate
    * * *
    irritar vb to irritate

    Spanish-English dictionary > irritar

  • 8 enojar

    v.
    1 to anger (irritar). (especially Latin American Spanish)
    2 to make angry, to irritate, to anger, to make mad.
    Nosotros contrariamos a su padre We annoy his father.
    * * *
    1 to anger, annoy, make angry
    1 to get angry ( con, with), get annoyed ( con, with), lose one's temper ( con, with)
    \
    enojarse por algo to get angry about something
    * * *
    esp LAm
    1.
    VT (=encolerizar) to anger; (=molestar) to upset, annoy
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo (esp AmL) to make... angry; ( en menor grado) to annoy
    2.
    enojarse v pron (esp AmL) to get angry, get mad (esp AmE colloq); ( en menor grado) to get annoyed, get cross (BrE colloq)

    enojarse con algo — to get angry/annoyed with somebody

    * * *
    = cause + anger, cross, irritate, antagonise [antagonize, -USA], rub + Nombre + up the wrong way, rattle, roil, gall, rile, peeve, enrage, exasperate, raise + Posesivo + hackles.
    Ex. The decision to introduce payments for ILL in Australia has caused much concern and a lot of anger.
    Ex. There's more to it than that - he becomes vicious, cutting people up behind their backs if they cross him in any way.
    Ex. Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex. Researchers expect librarians to be factually knowledgeable, welcoming, helpful and supportive rather than 'weird', 'snooty' or 'easily antagonized'.
    Ex. Relations between the two countries would now be difficult as our Prime Minister had rubbed theirs up the wrong way over ridiculous matters.
    Ex. The rumours of his departure rattled the talented youngster a little bit.
    Ex. Episcopalians were roiled by the approval of a rector outspokenly conservative on such matters as the liturgy, the hymnal and ordination.
    Ex. It was the American attitude of superiority that galled them the most.
    Ex. Now is not the time for superfluous rantings intended to rile the public.
    Ex. Things like talking over the performances and cutting to commercials in the middle of performances were really peaving the people who watched.
    Ex. On a recent field trip, he drank too much and became enraged with another student by whom he felt insulted.
    Ex. Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex. But be prepared to raise some hackles if you take this approach, because it is essential you do it openly and not behind your boss' back.
    ----
    * enojarse = become + chagrined, grow + irritable, lose + Posesivo + temper, get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, get + angry.
    * enojarse con Alguien = vent + Posesivo + spleen (on).
    * enojarse por = be irritated by/at.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo (esp AmL) to make... angry; ( en menor grado) to annoy
    2.
    enojarse v pron (esp AmL) to get angry, get mad (esp AmE colloq); ( en menor grado) to get annoyed, get cross (BrE colloq)

    enojarse con algo — to get angry/annoyed with somebody

    * * *
    = cause + anger, cross, irritate, antagonise [antagonize, -USA], rub + Nombre + up the wrong way, rattle, roil, gall, rile, peeve, enrage, exasperate, raise + Posesivo + hackles.

    Ex: The decision to introduce payments for ILL in Australia has caused much concern and a lot of anger.

    Ex: There's more to it than that - he becomes vicious, cutting people up behind their backs if they cross him in any way.
    Ex: Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex: Researchers expect librarians to be factually knowledgeable, welcoming, helpful and supportive rather than 'weird', 'snooty' or 'easily antagonized'.
    Ex: Relations between the two countries would now be difficult as our Prime Minister had rubbed theirs up the wrong way over ridiculous matters.
    Ex: The rumours of his departure rattled the talented youngster a little bit.
    Ex: Episcopalians were roiled by the approval of a rector outspokenly conservative on such matters as the liturgy, the hymnal and ordination.
    Ex: It was the American attitude of superiority that galled them the most.
    Ex: Now is not the time for superfluous rantings intended to rile the public.
    Ex: Things like talking over the performances and cutting to commercials in the middle of performances were really peaving the people who watched.
    Ex: On a recent field trip, he drank too much and became enraged with another student by whom he felt insulted.
    Ex: Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex: But be prepared to raise some hackles if you take this approach, because it is essential you do it openly and not behind your boss' back.
    * enojarse = become + chagrined, grow + irritable, lose + Posesivo + temper, get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, get + angry.
    * enojarse con Alguien = vent + Posesivo + spleen (on).
    * enojarse por = be irritated by/at.

    * * *
    enojar [A1 ]
    vt
    ( esp AmL) to make … angry; (en menor grado) to annoy
    me enojan mucho estas injusticias I get very angry at these injustices, these injustices make me very angry
    esto enojó al gobierno francés this angered the French government
    ( esp AmL) to get angry, get mad ( AmE colloq); (en menor grado) to get annoyed, get cross ( BrE colloq)
    no te enojes conmigo don't get angry with o mad at me, don't get annoyed o cross with me
    se enojó porque le habían mentido he got annoyed/angry because they had lied to him
    * * *

     

    enojar ( conjugate enojar) verbo transitivo (esp AmL) to make … angry;
    ( en menor grado) to annoy
    enojarse verbo pronominal (esp AmL) to get angry, get mad (esp AmE colloq);
    ( en menor grado) to get annoyed, get cross (BrE colloq);
    enojarse con algn to get angry/annoyed with sb
    enojar verbo transitivo to anger, annoy
    ' enojar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sublevar
    - arrechar
    - calentar
    - chorear
    - contrariar
    - enfadar
    - exaltar
    - excitar
    English:
    anger
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [irritar] to anger; [molestar] to annoy;
    consiguió enojar a todo el mundo con sus impertinencias she managed to annoy everybody with her cheeky remarks
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( molestar) annoy
    2 L.Am. ( encolerizar) make angry
    * * *
    enojar vt
    1) : to anger
    2) : to annoy, to upset
    * * *
    enojar vb to annoy

    Spanish-English dictionary > enojar

  • 9 frenar

    v.
    1 to brake (automobiles).
    El auto frena de repente The car brakes suddenly.
    Ricardo frenó el auto Richard braked the car.
    2 to check.
    los altos tipos de interés frenan a los inversores the high interest rates are holding investors back
    3 to rein in, to rein up, to rein back.
    El jinete frenó al caballo The rider reined in the horse.
    María frenó su lengua Mary checked her tongue.
    4 to halt, to set back, to slow down to a halt.
    El movimiento frenó The movement slowed down to a halt.
    5 to scotch, to spoke.
    El mecánico frena la rueda The mechanic scotches the wheel.
    * * *
    1 to brake
    2 figurado to restrain, check
    1 to brake
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (Aut, Mec) to brake
    2) (=contener) [+ inflación, crecimiento, avance, deterioro] to check, slow down; [+ pasiones, entusiasmo] to curb; [+ enemigo, ataque] to check, hold back
    2.
    VI (Aut) to brake

    frena, que viene una curva — brake, there's a bend coming up

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Transp) to brake
    2) <proceso/deterioro> to slow... down; <alza/inflación> to curb, check; <progreso/desarrollo> to hold... back
    2.
    frenar vi to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
    3.
    frenarse v pron (refl) to restrain oneself
    * * *
    = put + the brakes on, stultify, rein in, curb, apply + the brakes, slow down, slow up, brake, hold + Nombre + back.
    Ex. At the heart of the debate on Community budget and agricultural reforms has been the UK's insistence on the need to put the brakes on runaway spending on agriculture.
    Ex. Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex. If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex. A book detection system was installed to curb thefts which had been seriously eroding the library's resources for some time, creating a heavy drain on the limited book budget.
    Ex. The conclusion by the article 'Children's bookstores: applying the brakes' is that the rapid growth in children's bookstores and bookselling, documented in previous surveys, may have finally reached a plateau.
    Ex. However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.
    Ex. Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.
    Ex. Last year the system was upgraded so the car will brake if the driver fails to react to a dangerous situation.
    Ex. Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.
    ----
    * frenar el gasto público = curb + public spending.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Transp) to brake
    2) <proceso/deterioro> to slow... down; <alza/inflación> to curb, check; <progreso/desarrollo> to hold... back
    2.
    frenar vi to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
    3.
    frenarse v pron (refl) to restrain oneself
    * * *
    = put + the brakes on, stultify, rein in, curb, apply + the brakes, slow down, slow up, brake, hold + Nombre + back.

    Ex: At the heart of the debate on Community budget and agricultural reforms has been the UK's insistence on the need to put the brakes on runaway spending on agriculture.

    Ex: Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex: If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex: A book detection system was installed to curb thefts which had been seriously eroding the library's resources for some time, creating a heavy drain on the limited book budget.
    Ex: The conclusion by the article 'Children's bookstores: applying the brakes' is that the rapid growth in children's bookstores and bookselling, documented in previous surveys, may have finally reached a plateau.
    Ex: However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.
    Ex: Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.
    Ex: Last year the system was upgraded so the car will brake if the driver fails to react to a dangerous situation.
    Ex: Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.
    * frenar el gasto público = curb + public spending.

    * * *
    frenar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ( Transp) to brake
    B
    1 ‹proceso/deterioro› to slow … down, check; ‹alza/inflación› to curb, check, slow … down; ‹progreso/desarrollo› to hold … back, slow … up/down
    frena la maduración de la fruta it stops the fruit ripening so quickly, it slows down the ripening process of the fruit
    a veces uno tiene que frenar la lengua there are times when one has to hold one's tongue
    para frenar la ola de refugiados to stem the flow of refugees
    2 ‹ilusiones/esperanzas› to put a damper on
    ■ frenar
    vi
    to brake, apply the brake(s) ( frml)
    ( refl) to restrain oneself
    * * *

    frenar ( conjugate frenar) verbo transitivo
    1 (Transp) to brake
    2 ‹proceso/deterioro› to slow … down;
    ‹alza/inflación› to curb, check;
    ‹progreso/desarrollo› to hold … back
    verbo intransitivo
    to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
    frenar verbo transitivo
    1 (un vehículo, máquina) to brake
    2 (contener) (crisis, inflación, etc) to slow down
    (una tendencia, un impulso) to restrain
    ' frenar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    retardar
    - seco
    English:
    arrest
    - brake
    - check
    - put on
    - slam on
    - apply
    - curb
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [en vehículo] to brake
    2. [contener] to check;
    [disminuir] to curb, to slow down;
    medidas para frenar el desempleo measures to curb unemployment;
    nadie pudo frenar a la estrella brasileña no one could stop the Brazilian star;
    los altos tipos de interés frenan a los inversores the high interest rates are holding investors back
    ♦ vi
    [en vehículo] to brake
    * * *
    I v/i AUTO brake;
    frenar en seco brake sharply
    II v/t fig
    slow down; impulsos check
    * * *
    frenar vt
    1) : to brake
    2) detener: to curb, to check
    frenar vi
    : to apply the brakes
    * * *
    frenar vb to brake

    Spanish-English dictionary > frenar

  • 10 frustrar

    v.
    1 to frustrate (person).
    El accidente frustró sus planes The accident frustrated her plans.
    Su actitud frustró al gerente His attitude frustrated the manager.
    2 to thwart, to put paid to (posibilidades, ilusiones).
    * * *
    1 (cosa) to frustrate, thwart
    2 (persona) to disappoint
    1 (proyectos, planes) to fail, come to nothing
    2 (persona) to get frustrated, get disappointed
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ persona] to frustrate; [+ proyecto, aspiración, deseo, sueño] to thwart
    2) (=abortar) [+ atentado, operación] to foil
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < persona> to frustrate; < planes> to thwart; < esperanzas> to dash
    b) < atentado> to foil
    2.
    frustrarse v pron planes to be thwarted, fail; esperanzas to come to nothing
    * * *
    = thwart, scupper, cripple, frustrate, baffle, stymie, foil, defeat, forestall, spoil, hamstring, exasperate, cast + a blight on, blight.
    Ex. A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.
    Ex. This arrangement could definitely help solve the librarian's problems, unless unexpected events scupper it.
    Ex. The objection to it seems to be that by reading rubbish children cripple their own imaginative, linguistic or moral powers.
    Ex. The psychologist Abraham H Maslow has warned of 'true psychopathological effects when the cognitive needs are frustrated'.
    Ex. As the domain expands, the problem of rule formalisation may even baffle a human expert.
    Ex. So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex. The author considers the incidence of arson in US libraries and some ways of foiling arsonists through constant vigilance and observation of library users.
    Ex. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of software programs intended to defeat some of these sabotage actions.
    Ex. In order to forestall such an event, some libraries in Britain were stung into action by the publication of an Act of Parliament which totally ignored public libraries.
    Ex. But if set-off did occur and threatened to set back and spoil subsequent impressions of the first forme, the tympan cloth could be rubbed over with lye to clean it.
    Ex. Instead, the proposed regulations would hamstring public access.
    Ex. Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex. Rampant commercialisation of publishing is casting a blight on literature.
    Ex. The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    ----
    * frustrar el esfuerzo = frustrate + effort.
    * frustrar las esperanzas = shatter + Posesivo + hopes, dampen + Posesivo + hopes, dash + Posesivo + hopes.
    * frustrarse = become + frustrated, run into + the sand(s).
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < persona> to frustrate; < planes> to thwart; < esperanzas> to dash
    b) < atentado> to foil
    2.
    frustrarse v pron planes to be thwarted, fail; esperanzas to come to nothing
    * * *
    = thwart, scupper, cripple, frustrate, baffle, stymie, foil, defeat, forestall, spoil, hamstring, exasperate, cast + a blight on, blight.

    Ex: A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.

    Ex: This arrangement could definitely help solve the librarian's problems, unless unexpected events scupper it.
    Ex: The objection to it seems to be that by reading rubbish children cripple their own imaginative, linguistic or moral powers.
    Ex: The psychologist Abraham H Maslow has warned of 'true psychopathological effects when the cognitive needs are frustrated'.
    Ex: As the domain expands, the problem of rule formalisation may even baffle a human expert.
    Ex: So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.
    Ex: The author considers the incidence of arson in US libraries and some ways of foiling arsonists through constant vigilance and observation of library users.
    Ex: There are hundreds, if not thousands, of software programs intended to defeat some of these sabotage actions.
    Ex: In order to forestall such an event, some libraries in Britain were stung into action by the publication of an Act of Parliament which totally ignored public libraries.
    Ex: But if set-off did occur and threatened to set back and spoil subsequent impressions of the first forme, the tympan cloth could be rubbed over with lye to clean it.
    Ex: Instead, the proposed regulations would hamstring public access.
    Ex: Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex: Rampant commercialisation of publishing is casting a blight on literature.
    Ex: The global outbreak of swine flu has spread fear through the travel sector, blighting any green shoots of recovery from the financial crisis.
    * frustrar el esfuerzo = frustrate + effort.
    * frustrar las esperanzas = shatter + Posesivo + hopes, dampen + Posesivo + hopes, dash + Posesivo + hopes.
    * frustrarse = become + frustrated, run into + the sand(s).

    * * *
    frustrar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹persona› to frustrate; ‹planes› to thwart; ‹esperanzas› to dash
    me frustra que no entiendan I find it frustrating o it frustrates me that they don't understand
    2 ‹atentado› to foil
    «planes» to be thwarted, fail; «esperanzas» to be dashed, come to nothing
    * * *

    frustrar ( conjugate frustrar) verbo transitivo ‹ persona› to frustrate;
    ‹ planes› to thwart;
    ‹ esperanzas› to dash;

    frustrarse verbo pronominal [ planes] to be thwarted, fail;

    [ esperanzas] to come to nothing
    frustrar verbo transitivo to frustrate
    (una esperanza) to disappoint
    ' frustrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estropear
    - impedir
    - tronchar
    English:
    defeat
    - disappoint
    - foil
    - frustrate
    - thwart
    - baffle
    - confound
    - cross
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [persona] to frustrate
    2. [posibilidades, ilusiones] to thwart, Br to put paid to;
    [plan, robo] to thwart;
    el mal tiempo frustró nuestras vacaciones the bad weather ruined our holiday
    * * *
    v/t persona frustrate; plan thwart
    * * *
    : to frustrate, to thwart

    Spanish-English dictionary > frustrar

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 UM

    of
    * * *
    older umb, prep. with acc. and dat.
    I. with acc.
    1) around (slá hring um e-n);
    2) about, all over (hárit féll um hana alla); um allar sveitir, all over the country; mikill um herðar, large about the shoulders, broad-shouldered; liggja um akkeri, to ride at anchor;
    3) of proportion; margir voru um einn, many against one; um einn hest voru tveir menn, two men to each horse;
    4) round, past, beyond, with verbs denoting motion (sigla vestr um Bretland); leggja um skut þessu skipi, to pass by this ship; ríða um tún, to pass by a place;
    5) over, across, along (flytja e-n um haf); kominn um langan veg, come from a long way off; ganga um gólf, to cross the floor (but also to walk up and down the floor); slá, er lá um þvert skipit, a beam that lay athwart the ship; um kné sér, across the knee; e-t er hœgt um hönd, gives little trouble, is ready to hand;
    6) of time, during, in the course of (um messuna, um þingit, um sumarit); þat var um nótt, by night; um nætr sem um daga, by night as well as day; lengra en fara megi um dag, in the course of one day;
    7) at a point of time (hann kom at höllinni um drykkju); um þat, at that time, then; um þat er, when (um þat, er vér erum allir at velli lagðir);
    8) of, about, in regard to a thing; bera um e-t, dœma um e-t, to bear witness, judge about; tala um e-t, to speak of; annast um e-t, to attend to; sviðr um sik, wise of oneself; hvárr um sik, each for himself; var mart vel um hann, he had many good qualities;
    9) e-m er ekki um e-t, one does not like (var honum ekki um Norðmenn); with infin., honum er ekki um at berjast í dag, he has no liking to fight to-day; er þér nökkut um, at vér rannsökum þik ok hús þín, have you any objection that we …?; e-m er mikit (lítil) um e-t, one likes it much, little (Guðrúnu var lítil um þat); sá, er mönnum væri meira um, whom people liked better; e-m finnst mikit um e-t, one is much pleased umwith, has a high opinion of (konungi fannst mikit um list þá ok kurteisi þá, er þar var á öllu);
    10) because of, for; öfunda e-n um e-t, to envy one for a thing; verða útlagt um e-t, to be fined for a transgression; um sakleysi, without cause;
    11) beyond, above; margir fengu eigi hlaupit um röst, more than one mile; hafa vetr um þrítugt, to be thirty-one; e-m um afl, um megn, beyond one’s strength, more than one can do (þetta mál er nökkut þér um megn); kasta steini um megn sér, to overstrain oneself; um of, too much, excessive (þótti mörgum þetta um of); um alla menn fram or um fram alla menn, above all men (hón unni honum um alla menn fram); e-m er e-t um hug, one has no mind for, dislikes (ef þér er nökkut um hug á kaupum við oss);
    12) over, across; detta, falla um e-t, to stumble over (féll bóandinn um hann);
    13) by; draugrinn hafði þokat at Þorsteini um þrjár setur, by three seats;
    14) about; þeir sögðu honum, hvat um var at vera, what it was about, how matters stood; hvat sem um þat er, however that may be; eiga e-t um at vera, to be troubled about a thing (lætr sem hann eigi um ekki at vera); var fátt um með þeim, they were not on good terms;
    15) ellipt., ef satt skal um tala, if the truth must be told; þannig sem atburðr hefir orðit um, as things have turned out;
    16) as adv., gekk um veðrit, veered round, changed; ríða (sigla) um, to ride (sail) by; langt um, far beyond, quite; fljótit var langt um úfœrt (úreitt), quite impassable; um liðinn, passed by, of time; á þeirri viku, er um var liðin, in the past umweek;
    II. with dat.
    1) over, esp. poet.; sitja um borðum = sitja yfir borðum; sá es um verði glissir, he that gabbles over a meal;
    2) of time, by; um dögum, um nóttum, by day, by night; um sumrum, haustum, vetrum, várum, in the summer, etc.; um vetrum ok sumrum, both winter and summer.
    * * *
    umb, of, prep. (sounded umm); umb is used in the oldest vellums (the Eluc., Greg., Miracle-book, Jb.), and occurs now and then in later vellums (e. g. Orkn. 218, Fms. x. 378, xi. 63, 64), perh. from being a transcript of an old vellum; in rhymes, umb, tr umbu, Fms. viii. (in a verse of A. D. 1184); for of see ‘of’ at p. 462, col. 2: [A. S. ymbe; Germ. um; um and yfir (q. v.) are identical.]
    WITH ACC.
    A. Around; silki-hlað um höfuð, Ld. 188; um höfuð henni, 36; hafa um sik belti, Nj. 91, 184; um herðar sér, Ld. 56; leggja linda umb kistu, leggja lindann umb enn vanheila mann, Bs. i. 337; gyrða um sik, Sks.; beta strengi um ásenda … festa endana um steina, Nj. 115; vefjask um fótinn, Fms. iv. 335; upp um herðarnar, Eg. 580; göra garð of engi, Grág. ii. 288; lykja um akra ok eng, Eg. 529; skjóta um hann skjaldborg, Nj. 274; slá hring um e-n, 275, Eg. 88; fara í hring um skipit, Ld. 56; taka um hönd e-m, Ó. H. 176; þar var poki um útan, Ld. 188; honum vefsk tunga um höfuð, Nj. 160; vefsk tunga um tönn (see tönn) … strjúka dúki um augu, Fms. v. 326, Fs. 114 (in a verse); sjó, er fellr um heim allan, Róm. 193: Aðils jarl féll ok mart manna um hann, Eg. 297; tjalda um skip sín, Fms. xi. 63; hafa um sik ( about oneself) fjölmenni, Eg. 12, 38; selit var gört um einn ás, Ld. 280.
    II. about, all over, denoting the surface; manna-ferð um héraðit, Ld. 257; fylgja þeim um einn skóg, Karl. 348; hann hafði goðorð suðr um Nesin, Ísl. ii. 207; herja um Skotland, Írland, Fms. i. 23; næfrum var þakt um ræfrit, Eg. 90; dæma för úmögum um þat þing, Grág. i. 127; flýja hingað ok þangat um eyjarnar, Fms. vii. 43; um allar sveitir, all over the country, Boll. 362; kunnigt er mér um allt Ísland, Nj. 32; of allan Noreg, Fms. x. 118; um alla Svíþjóð, Ó. H. 17; um allt ríki sitt, Eg. 278; sitja um mitt landit, about the midland, Fms. i. 26; um miðjan skóginn er smáviði, Eg. 580; sjá um alla veröld, Ó. H. 202; kominn um langan veg, come a long way off, Stj. 366, Skv. 8; of lopt ok um lög, Hkv. 1. 21; fátt kom um lengra, farther off, Fb. ii. 303; hárit féll um hana alla, Landn. 151, Fas. i. 244; hárit hékk ofan um bringu, Fas. ii. 518: mikill um herðar, large about the shoulders, broad-shouldered, Nj. 200; þykkr um bóga, þeim manni er beit á of garðinn, Grág. ii. 286; skalat hann verja um bóstað hans, 222; kveðja um þann vetvang, 106; kveðja búa heiman um þann stað, i. 130, 355: liggja um strengi, Ld. 76; or liggja um akkeri, to ride at anchor, Eg. 261, 374, Fms. ii. 5, ix. 45, x. 351.
    2. of proportion; margir vóru um einn, too many against one, Ld. 156; þar vóru fjórir of einn ( four to one) mót Hákoni, Fms. x. 382; eigi minni liðs-munr, en sex mundi vera um Hákonar mann einn, i. 43; um einn hest vóru tveir menn, two men to each horse, vii. 295; sex menn sé um sáld, Grág. ii. 402: Hrafn var mjök einn um sitt, kept for himself, Fs. 29; malit hefi ek mitt of leiti? Gs. 16.
    III. off, past, beyond (cp. yfir), with verbs denoting motion; fara … suðr um Stað, Eg. 12; norðr um Stað, Fms. vii. 7; sigla vestr um Bretland, Nj. 281; er þeir kómu fram um Bjarkey, Ó. H. 137; norðr um Jaðar, 182; austan um Foldina, Eg. 81; út um Eldey, Eb. 108; austr um búðina, Nj. 231; ríða um þá þrjá bæi, Grág. i. 432; hann hljóp um þá, ok í fjall upp, passed them by, Landn. 89; sigla svá um oss fram, Orkn. 402; leggja um skut þessu skipi, to pass by this ship, Fms. x. 346; leita langt um skamt fram, Nj. 207 (cp. Lat. quod petis hic est); vaða jörð upp um klaufir, Ld. 336; fram um stafn, Landn. 29; aptr um stafn, Fms. x. 266; honum var úhægt at höggva um bríkina, Sturl. iii. 219; ríða um tún, to pass by a place, Ísl. ii. 252; neðan um sáðlandit, Nj. 82; fara of engi manns, Grág. ii. 277; fara um góð héruð, Landn. 37; ganga upp um bryggjuna, Eg. 195; ganga um stræti, by the road, Korm. 228; róa út um sund, Eg. 385; kominn um langan veg, 410; þeim dropum er renna um þekjuna, Fms. i. 263.
    2. over, across, along; sá er annan dregr um eldinn, Fms. i. 305; skyldi ganga um gólf at minnum öllum, to cross the flood, Eg. 253; but also to walk up and down the floor, 247; bera öl um eld, to bear the ale across the fire, Fms. vi. 442; slá um þvert skipit, Nj. 44; sigla vestr um haf, Fms. i. 22; ríða vestr um ár, austr um ár, Nj. 10, 99; suðr um sæ, Eg. 288; flytja e-n um haf, Nj. 128; austan um Kjöl, Ó. H.; sunnan um fjall, Fms. x. 3; suðr um fjall, Eg. 476; um þvera stofu, Fms. vi. 440; um þvera búð, Grág. i. 24; um þvert nesit, Fms. xi. 65; um öxl, round or across the shoulder, Ld. 276; um kné sér, across the knee, Eg. 304: the phrase, mér er e-ð um hönd, difficult to lay hand on, hard, not easy; and again, hægt um hönd, giving little trouble, easy to lay hand on; ykkr er þat hægst um hönd, easiest for you, Nj. 25; þegar eg vil er hægt um hönd, heima á Fróni at vera, Núm.; kastaði (the mail) um söðul sinn, across the saddle, Grett. 93 A.
    IV. with adverbs denoting direction, upp um, út um, niðr um, ofan um, inn um, fram um, with acc. or ellipt.; sær féll út ok inn of nökkvann, Edda 36; loginn stóð inn um ræfrit, Eg. 239; hann var kominn upp um ský, Fms. i. 137; út um bringuna, Ld. 150; hann gékk út of Miðgarð, Edda 35; ganga út um dyrr, Eg. 420; fara út um glugg, Fms. ix. 3; út um glugginn, Ld. 278; láta sér um munn fara, to pass out of the mouth, Háv. 51; ferr orð er um munn líðr, Sturl. i. 207.
    B. Temp. during, in the course of, cp. Engl. that spring, that summer; um messuna, Fms. x. 109; um þingit, Eg. 765; um sex ár, Stj.; um vetrinn, Eg. 168; of sumarit, Fms. x. 93; um sumarit, Nj. 4; um várit, Eg. 42; um nótt, Grág. i. 115; þat var um nótt, by night, Ld. 152; hann mátti eigi sofa um nætr, Nj. 210; sofa um nóttina, 7; vera þar um nóttina, 252; lengra enn fara megi um dag, in the course of one day, Grág. i. 89; um daginn, for the rest of the day, Ld. 42; um morna, Landn. (in a verse), Ó. H. 44; um nætr sem um daga, by night as well as day, Sks. 20 new Ed.; um allar aldir, Edda; um alla daga, all day long, Skm. 4; um alla sína daga, all his days, Hom. 114; allt um hans æfi, Eg. 268; um aldr, for ever, passim; um tíma, for a while, Mar.; um hríð, um stund, for a while, see stund, hríð; um … sakar, a while, see sök (A. III. 2); um samt, altogether, Sks. 113 B.
    2. above, beyond; standa um várþing, Grág. i. 103; um hálfan mánuð, Fms. ix. 526, v. l.; um viku, above a week.
    3. at a point of time, at; hann kom at höllinni um drykkju, Nj. 269; of matmál, at meal time, Grág. i. 261; um dagmál, um náttmál, einnhvern dag um þingit, Ld. 290; eitt hvert sinn um haustið, Nj. 26; þat var of vár, Fms. x. 389; um várit urðu mikil tíðendi, 2; þeir höfðu verit á sundi um daginn, Ld. 130; opt um daga, Edda 39; um daginn, the other day: um þat, when; um þat er þrír vetr eru liðnir, Ld. 146; um þat þessir eru bættir, Eg. 426; um þat lýkr, when the end is there, in the end, Fas. ii. 361; ef ek kom eigi aptr um þat, then, at that time, Fms. ii. 58; um þat er vér erum allir at velli lagðir, Eg. 426; um sinn, once, see sinni B, p. 530; um síðir, at last, see síð (II); um leið, at the same time; hér um bil, about so and so; um allt, of allt, always; Kristinn dóin má um allt sækja, at all times, N. G. L. ii. 154; nokkrum sinnum, ok hefir mér ofallt íllt þótt, Fms. v. 205 (see ávallt, p. 47, col. 2).
    C. Metaph. usages, of, about, in regard to a thing, Lat. de; halda vörð á um e-t, Eg. ch. 27; annask um e-t, to attend to, Nj. 75, Glúm. 342, Kormak; gefa gaum at um e-t, to give heed to, Ó. H. 215; bera um e-t, dæma um e-t, to bear witness, judge about, Nj. 100; tala um e-t, to speak of, 40; þræta um e-t, to quarrel about; spyrja um e-t, to speer or ask about, 110; göra, yrkja um e-n, Fms. x. 378; halda njósn um e-t, Eg. 72; nefna, búa um mál, Nj. 86; um alla ráða-görð, 101; stefna e-m um e-t, Grág. i. 175, 313, Nj. 87; vera til eptir-máls um e-t, passim; frækinn um allt, in everything, 89; bera gæfu til um e-t, Eg. 76; kappsamr of allt, þeir hyggja þat lög um þat mál, Grág. i. 9; eitt ráð myndi honum um þat sýnask, Nj. 79; kunna hóf at um ágirni sína, Ó. H. 131; þat er um þat átan, er …, N. G. L. i. 19; þau tíðendi er görzk höfðu um ferðir Egils ok stórvirki, Eg. 686; stór úfarar görask of menn þessa, Fms. xi. 151; aumligt er um e-t, Hom. 159 (Ed.); seinkaðisk of svörin, 623. 16; mikit er um fyrirburði slíka, Nj. 119; þá var hvíld á um bardagann, 248; hann telzk undan um förina, Fms. xi. 69; ruðning um kviðinn, Nj.; misfangi um mark, a mistake as to a mark, Grág.; binda um heilt, to bind up a sound limb, Ld. 206: gróa um heilt, to become sound, be healed, Fms. xi. 87, Al. 120; ganga um beina, to attend; leita e-s í um mein hennar, Eg. 565; veita tilkall um arf, Eg.; leita um sættir, grið, Nj. 92; selja laun um liðveizlu, 214: in inscriptions of chapters, um so and so, = Lat. de; um viðrtal Njáls ok Skarphéðins, um misfanga ok um mark, um bæjar bruna, Nj., Grág., Fms.; göra mikit um sik, to make a great fuss, Fb. i. 545; görði mikit um sik ok var sjálfhælinn, Grett. 133 A: vera vel um sik ( of good quality) ok vinsæll, Fms. xi. 118; mey er ok vissa vænsta ok bezt um sik, 104; at hón væri í engum hlut verri um sik, Hkr. ii. 129; sviðr um sik, wise of oneself, Hm. 102; auga blátt ok snart ok vel um sik, Mag. 7; hvárr um sik, each for himself, one by one, Dipl. ii. 11; vér staðfestum þessa articulos hvern um sik ok sér hverja, 13; þykki mér þat undarligt um svá vitran mann, of a man so wise, Eg. 20; var mart vel um hann, he had many good qualities, Rb. 364; þat mátti vera um röskvan mann, Fms. vii. 227.
    2. ganga um sýslur manna, to go about or upon men’s business, as an overseer. Eg. 2; ganga um beina, to attend, see beini.
    3. e-m er mikit (ekki) um e-t, to like, dislike; Guðrúnu var lítið um þat … lítið ætla ek þeim um þat bræðrum, at …, Ld. 246, 264, Fms. ii. 81; var honum ekki um Norðmenn, Hkr. i. 128; Þórði kvaðsk ekki vera um manna-setur, Ld. 42; er þér nökkut um ( hast thou any objection?), at vér rannsakim þik ok hús þin, Gísl. 53; sá er mönnum væri meira um, whom people liked more, Fms, ix. 36; ef þór er mikit um ráða-hug við mik, if thou art much bent on it, xi. 4.
    4. búa um eitt lyndi, to be of one mind, Jb. 396; búa um nægtir, grun, skoll, búa um heilt, see búa (A. II); búa um hvílu, to make a bed; búa um okkr, Nj. 201 (see búa B. I. 2. γ); setjask um kyrt, to settle oneself to rest, take rest, Fas. ii. 530; or sitja um kyrt.
    II. because of, for, Lat. ob; öfunda e-n um e-t ( invidere a-i a-d), Nj. 168; reiðask um e-t, um hvat reiddusk goðin þá, Bs. i. 22; telja á e-n of e-t, to blame one for a thing, Nj. 52; berja e-n íllyrðum um slikt, 64; lágu margir á hálsi honum þat, Fms. xi. 336; týna aldri um óra sök, Skv. 3. 49; verða útlagr um e-t, to be fined for a transgression, Grág. i. 16; dæmdr fjörbaugs-maðr um spellvirki, 129; maðr vegr mann um konu, if a man slays a person for [ violating] his wife, 61; um sakleysi, without cause, Nj. 106, 270, Bs. i. 19.
    III. beyond, above; fimm hundruð gólfa ok um ( plus) fjórum togum, Gm. 24; kistan var eigi um vættar höfga, Bs. i. 712; margir fengu eigi hlaupit um röst, Karl. 351; lítið um tuttugu menn, Sturl. i. 183; hann var ekki um tvítugan, Róm. 327; hafa vetr um þrítugt, to be one beyond thirty, i. e. thirty-one, Sturl. i. 183: freq. in mod. usage, hafa tvo um þrítugt ( thirty-two), átta um fertugt ( forty-eight), tvo um fimtugt ( fifty-two), einn um áttrætt ( eighty-one); sá dagr, sem um vikur fullar er í árinu, Rb. 128: at yðr verði þat ekki um afl, beyond your strength, more than one can do, Band. 21 new Ed.; um megn, id., Fms. viii. 62; þetta mál er nökkut þér um megn, vi. 18; kasta steini um megn sér, to overstrain oneself: um of, excessive; þótti mörgum þetta um of, Vígl. 18: um fram (q. v.), beyond; um alla menn fram, above all men, Ld. 20, Fms. v. 343; um alla hluti fram, above all things; um þat fram sem ykkr var lofat, Sks.: um hug; vera e-t um hug, to have no mind for, dislike; ef þér er nökkut um hug á kaupum við oss, Nj. 24.
    IV. turned over, in exchange; skipta um, snúa um, venda um, see skipta III and snúa A. III.
    V. over, across; detta, falla um e-t, to stumble over; hverr féll um annan, of heaps of slain. Eg. 24; fÉll bóandinn um hann, Nj. 96; detta um stein, þúfu, to stumble over a stone, mound; glotta um tönn, see tönn.
    VI. by; draugrinn hafði þokat at Þorsteini um þrjár setur, by three seats, Fb. i. 417; hefja upp of faðm saman, by a fathom, Grág. ii. 336; minka um helming, to decrease by one half; hverr um sik, each by himself, Rétt. 114.
    VII. about; eiga e-t um at vera, to be troubled about a thing; þeir sögðu honum hvat um var at vera, what it was about, Hrafn. 18; sem engi ótti væri um at vera, no danger, Fms. iv. 57; eiga ekki um at vera, iii. 156; or, eiga um ekki at vera, Gísl. 30; eiga vandræði, fjölskyldi um at vera, Fms. vi. 378, xi. 78; hann segir honum um hvat vera er, what was the matter? Gísl. 36; þann sagði þvílíkt er hann hafði um at vera, Krok.; var fátt um með þeim, they were on cold terms, Nj. 2; var þá ekki lítið um, there was no little fuss about it, Bárð. 174; mikit er um þá maðrinn býr, mart hefir hann að hugsa, a ditty.
    VIII. ellipt., til marks um, Nj. 56; þykkir honum vænkask um, Fms. xi. 135; þann mála-búnað at hann verðr sekr um, Nj. 88; ef satt skal um tala, 105; mér hefir tvennt um sýnzk, 3; menn ræddu um at vánt væri skip hans, 282; hér má ek vel svara þér um, 33; hann brá dúki um, Fms. x. 382; enda er þá djöfullinn um (about, lurking) at svíkja þann mann, Hom. 159; þannig sem atburðr hefir orðit um, as things have turned out, Fms. xi. 64; ekki er við menn um at eiga, this is no dealing with men (but with trolls or devils), Nj. 97.
    IX. with adverbs; í hring útan um, all round, Eg. 486; gékk um Veðrit, veered round, changed, Bs. i. 775; ríða um, to ride by, Eg. 748; sigla um, to sail by, Fms. x. 23; er konungr færi norðan ok suðr um, Eg. 53; langt um, far beyond, quite; fljótið var langt um úfært, quite impassable, Nj. 63, 144; þessi veðr eru langt um úfær, Grett. 181 new Ed.; cp. mod. það er langt um betra, by far better; kring-um, all around, see A.V.
    2. um liðinn, passed by, of time; á þeirri viku er um var liðin, in the past week, Ísl. ii. 332.
    WITH DAT.
    A. Local, over, Lat. super; but almost entirely confined to poets, sitja um matborði (of Hkr. iii. 109) = sitja yfir matborði, Fms. viii. 51; um verði, over the table, Hm. 30; sitja of (= yfir) skörðum hlut, Ó. H. 150; sá er tvá húskarla á, ok um sjálfum sér, two house-carles besides himself, Grág. (Kb.) i. 10; um alda sonum, Fm. 16; er ek hafðak veldi of héruðum þessum, Clem. 35; hár söngr of svírum, Hornklofi; nema þér syngi um höfði, Hkv. 2; sitja um sínum ver, Vsp.; er ek sat soltin um Sigurði, Gkv. 2. 11; opin-spjallr um e-u, … þagmælskr um þjóðlygi (dat.), Ad. 1; um styrkum ættar stuðli, 12; ægis-hjálm bar ek um alda sonum, meðan ek um menjum lák, Fm. 16; gól um hánum, Vsp.; úlfr þaut um hræfi, Ó. H. (in a verse); see ‘of,’ prep., p. 462, col. 2, and yfir.
    B. Of time, by; um dögum, by day, Fms. vi. 98, ix. 48; um nóttum, by night, vii. 166; um haustum, in the autumn, Eb. 216; bæði um haustum ok várum, both in autumn and spring, Sks. 235 B; um sumrum, Fms. vi. 255; um sumrum herjuðu þeir í Noreg, Eb. 3; þakt með ísum um vetrum ok sumrum, both winter and summer, Sks. 181 B; opt um vetnim, Eg. 4; þeir liggja úti hvert sumar, en um vetrum eru þeir heima, Fms. xi. 97. This use with dat. is obsolete in mod. prose.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > UM

  • 13 क्व


    kvá
    ind. (fr. 1. ku Pāṇ. 5-3, 12; VII, 2, 105)

    loc. of 2. ká = kasmin, orﾠ katarasmin Mn. X, 66 ;
    ( kvaṡreyas-tvam, in whom is the preference?) Kathās. LXXXIII, 36 ;
    where? in what place? whither? RV. (sometimes connected with particles áha, íd, iva, svíd) etc.;
    (connected with nu) Nal. Mālav. ;
    (with nukhalu) Ṡak. ;
    (with bhū, as) how is it with? what has become of? i.e. it is done with
    RV. I, 161, 4; VII, 88, 5 AV. X, 8, 7 ṠBr. Pāṇ. 3-1, 12 Vārtt. 1 Pat. ;
    (with gata) how is it with? Nal. Daṡ. ( kvagatastavamayyanurāgaḥ, what has become of your affection for me ?);
    orﾠ kva alone may have the same meaning (e.g.. kvasukham, where is happiness? i.e. there is no such thing as happiness, Sāntis.) Pañcat. Naish. I, 20 ;
    (after a negative phrase) how much less? R. I, 67, 10 ;
    kva - kva orﾠ kutra-kva (implying excessive incongruity) where is this? where is that? how distant is this from that? how little does this agree with that? (e.g.. kvasūrya-prabhavovaṉṡaḥkvacâ̱lpa-vishayāmatiḥ, how can my limited intellect describe the solar race? Ragh. I, 2) MBh. R. etc.;
    kvâ̱pi, anywhere, somewhere, to some place, in a certain place Nal. Pañcat. Kathās. ;
    sometimes Sāh. Hit. ;
    nakvaca, nowhere, never BhP. IV, 29, 64 ;
    nakvacana, nowhere MBh. XIV, 560 ;
    kvacid = kasminiṡ-cid Pañcat. ;
    anywhere, somewhere, to any place, in a certain place Mn. R. Ṡak. etc.;
    in a certain case, at some time, once upon a time Nal. Pañcat. etc.;
    sometimes Comm. ;
    kvacid-kvacid, here - there, here andﾠ there, in various places MBh. I ;
    now - then, now andﾠ then R. III, 50, 7 Bhartṛ. I, 4 ;
    nakvacid, nowhere, never, by no means Mn. Yājñ. Nal. etc.. ;
    kvacidapina id. Megh. ;
    yatrakvâ̱pi, wherever, in whatsoever place Bhartṛ. III, 91 ;
    yátrakvá-ca id. ṠBr. ChUp. Lāṭy. BhP. ;
    yatrakva-cana, in orﾠ to whatsoever place;
    in any case orﾠ matter whatever Mn. IX, 233 ;
    whenever BhP. V, 21, 9 ;
    yatrakvavâ̱tha - tatratatrâ̱pi, wherever-there BhP. I, 17, 36. ;
    - क्वजन्मन्
    - क्वनिवास
    - क्वस्थ

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > क्व

  • 14 קבר

    קֶבֶרm. (b. h.; preced.) grave. Snh.47b ק׳ חדש a fresh grave (that has been dug but not used). Ib. ק׳ בנין a grave on which something has been built, i. e. an arched grave (not flat). Ib. שלשה קברות הן ק׳ הנמצא there are three kinds of graves (with reference to law): a grave that has been discovered (a fresh grave in which somebody was buried without the consent of the owner of the ground); ק׳ הידוע a known grave (in which one was buried with the owners consent); ק׳ המזיק את הרבים a grave which interferes with public comfort (made in a thoroughfare). Y.Naz.IX, 57d top., v. תְּהוֹם. Ohol. XVII, 1 החורש את הק׳ if one passes the plough over a grave. Koh. R. to VII, 8 וכיון שקברוהו … את קִבְרוֹ when they had buried him (Elisha-Aḥer), a fire came to burn his grave; a. v. fr.Pl. קְבָרִים, קְבָרוֹת. Taan.25b תקנתם ק׳וכ׳ have you prepared graves for yourselves (are you ready to die)? Ib. 22b שלא יהא בתיהם קִבְרֵיהֶם that their houses may not become their graves (that their dwellings may not fall down from excessive rains); Y.Yoma V, 42c top שלא יעשו … קִבְרֵיהֶן. Ḥag.22b נשתטח על קִבְרֵיוכ׳ he prostrated himself over the graves of Yeb.47b שני ק׳ נמסרווכ׳ the court has charge of two burial places (for culprits). Snh.VI, 5 ולא היו קוברין אותו בקִבְרוֹת אבותיו they did not bury him (the culprit) in the burial place of their ancestors; a. fr.בֵּית הקברות (abbr. בה״ק) cemetery; pl. בָּתֵּי ק׳. Ber.18b הלך ולן בב״הק he went and spent the night in the cemetery. Snh. l. c. (46b) שני בתי ק׳וכ׳ two burial grounds were at the disposal of the courts, one for those put to death by the sword, and one ; a. fr.Trnsf. uterus ( containing an embryo). Nidd.21a באיפשר לפתיחת הק׳וכ׳ they differ as to whether the uterus can open (to pass the embryo) without discharging blood. Sabb.129a חיה כל זמן שהק׳ פתוחוכ׳ for a woman in confinement you must violate the Sabbath laws as long as the uterus is open, whether she says that she needs it or that she needs it not. Ib. מאימתי פתיחת הק׳ when does the opening of the womb begin (in regard to Sabbath laws)?; עד מתי … הק׳ how long is it considered open? Ohol. VII, 4 אין לנפלים פ׳ הק׳וכ׳ in the case of abortions the laws of levitical cleanness connected with the opening of the womb do not apply, unless, v. פִּיקָא I; Tosef. ib. VIII, 8; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > קבר

  • 15 קֶבֶר

    קֶבֶרm. (b. h.; preced.) grave. Snh.47b ק׳ חדש a fresh grave (that has been dug but not used). Ib. ק׳ בנין a grave on which something has been built, i. e. an arched grave (not flat). Ib. שלשה קברות הן ק׳ הנמצא there are three kinds of graves (with reference to law): a grave that has been discovered (a fresh grave in which somebody was buried without the consent of the owner of the ground); ק׳ הידוע a known grave (in which one was buried with the owners consent); ק׳ המזיק את הרבים a grave which interferes with public comfort (made in a thoroughfare). Y.Naz.IX, 57d top., v. תְּהוֹם. Ohol. XVII, 1 החורש את הק׳ if one passes the plough over a grave. Koh. R. to VII, 8 וכיון שקברוהו … את קִבְרוֹ when they had buried him (Elisha-Aḥer), a fire came to burn his grave; a. v. fr.Pl. קְבָרִים, קְבָרוֹת. Taan.25b תקנתם ק׳וכ׳ have you prepared graves for yourselves (are you ready to die)? Ib. 22b שלא יהא בתיהם קִבְרֵיהֶם that their houses may not become their graves (that their dwellings may not fall down from excessive rains); Y.Yoma V, 42c top שלא יעשו … קִבְרֵיהֶן. Ḥag.22b נשתטח על קִבְרֵיוכ׳ he prostrated himself over the graves of Yeb.47b שני ק׳ נמסרווכ׳ the court has charge of two burial places (for culprits). Snh.VI, 5 ולא היו קוברין אותו בקִבְרוֹת אבותיו they did not bury him (the culprit) in the burial place of their ancestors; a. fr.בֵּית הקברות (abbr. בה״ק) cemetery; pl. בָּתֵּי ק׳. Ber.18b הלך ולן בב״הק he went and spent the night in the cemetery. Snh. l. c. (46b) שני בתי ק׳וכ׳ two burial grounds were at the disposal of the courts, one for those put to death by the sword, and one ; a. fr.Trnsf. uterus ( containing an embryo). Nidd.21a באיפשר לפתיחת הק׳וכ׳ they differ as to whether the uterus can open (to pass the embryo) without discharging blood. Sabb.129a חיה כל זמן שהק׳ פתוחוכ׳ for a woman in confinement you must violate the Sabbath laws as long as the uterus is open, whether she says that she needs it or that she needs it not. Ib. מאימתי פתיחת הק׳ when does the opening of the womb begin (in regard to Sabbath laws)?; עד מתי … הק׳ how long is it considered open? Ohol. VII, 4 אין לנפלים פ׳ הק׳וכ׳ in the case of abortions the laws of levitical cleanness connected with the opening of the womb do not apply, unless, v. פִּיקָא I; Tosef. ib. VIII, 8; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > קֶבֶר

  • 16 vicio

    m.
    1 vice (libertinaje, actividad inmoral).
    2 bad habit, vice (mala costumbre).
    quejarse o llorar de vicio to complain for no (good) reason
    para mí, viajar es un vicio (informal) I'm addicted to traveling
    vicios posturales bad postural habits
    3 defect.
    tiene un vicio al andar he walks in a strange way
    vicio de dicción incorrect use of language
    4 immoral habit, indulgence, bad habit, evil practice.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: viciar.
    * * *
    1 (corrupción) vice, corruption
    3 (del lenguaje) incorrect usage
    4 (defecto) defect
    \
    de vicio / por vicio for no reason at all, for the sake of it
    quejarse de vicio to complain for the sake of it
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=corrupción) vice
    2) (=mala costumbre) bad habit, vice

    de o por vicio — out of sheer habit

    eso tiene mucho vicio — *that's very habit-forming *o addictive

    vicio inveterado, vicio de origen — ingrained bad habit

    3) (=adicción)

    el vicio — the drug habit, drug addiction

    4) (=defecto) defect, blemish; (Jur) error; (Ling) mistake, incorrect form
    5) [de superficie] warp; [de línea] twist, bend
    6) (con niño) excessive indulgence
    7) (Bot) rankness
    8)

    de vicio — * (=estupendo) great, super *

    9)

    estar de vicio — (LAm) (=sin trabajar) to be idle

    * * *
    1) ( corrupción) vice
    2) ( hábito)

    se queja de vicio — (fam) she complains for the sake of it

    3) ( defecto) fault, defect
    4) (Der) flaw, error
    * * *
    = vice.
    Ex. This article discusses the basis for a new code of ethics for librarians with reference to earlier ideas about virtues and vices for librarians.
    ----
    * de vicio = for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * de visio = for no reason.
    * ser un vicio = moreish.
    * * *
    1) ( corrupción) vice
    2) ( hábito)

    se queja de vicio — (fam) she complains for the sake of it

    3) ( defecto) fault, defect
    4) (Der) flaw, error
    * * *
    = vice.

    Ex: This article discusses the basis for a new code of ethics for librarians with reference to earlier ideas about virtues and vices for librarians.

    * de vicio = for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * de visio = for no reason.
    * ser un vicio = moreish.

    * * *
    darse al vicio to give oneself over to vice o evil ways
    B
    (hábito, costumbre): el juego es un vicio para él he's a compulsive gambler
    tiene el vicio de la bebida she drinks, she's a heavy drinker
    el único vicio que tengo es el tabaco smoking is my only vice o bad habit
    se queja de vicio ( fam); she complains for no reason at all o for the sake of it
    C (defecto) fault, defect
    vicio de diseño design fault
    vicios de fabricación manufacturing defects
    la vivienda puede tener vicios ocultos the house may have hidden structural defects
    D ( Der) flaw, error
    Compuestos:
    fundamental error o omission
    procedural irregularity
    * * *

     

    Del verbo viciar: ( conjugate viciar)

    vicio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    vició es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    viciar    
    vicio
    viciar ( conjugate viciar) verbo transitivo ‹ persona› to get … into a bad habit;
    ‹estilo/lenguaje› to mar
    viciarse verbo pronominal
    a) [ persona]: viciose con algo to become addicted to sth

    b) [estilo/lenguaje] to deteriorate

    vicio sustantivo masculino
    1 ( corrupción) vice;

    2 ( hábito):
    ◊ el único vicio que tengo my only vice o bad habit;

    el juego se convirtió en vicio para él his gambling became an addiction;
    se queja de vicio (fam) she complains for the sake of it
    viciar verbo transitivo
    1 (una persona) to get into a bad habit
    2 (un ambiente) el aire de este cuarto está muy viciado, this room is very stuffy
    vicio sustantivo masculino
    1 (afición excesiva) vice: la bebida es el peor de sus vicios, drinking is his worst vice
    su único vicio, his only vice
    2 (costumbre censurable) bad habit
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar estar algo de vicio, to be delicious: el postre estaba de vicio, the dessert was great
    quejarse de vicio, to complain for no reason at all
    ' vicio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    brigada
    - desenfrenada
    - desenfrenado
    - desenfreno
    - domar
    - entregarse
    - jugador
    - jugadora
    - quitarse
    - recaer
    - renunciar
    - resabio
    - agarrar
    - arraigado
    - arraigar
    - bebida
    - coger
    - cuajo
    English:
    conquer
    - habit
    - shake off
    - unhealthy
    - vice
    * * *
    vicio nm
    1. [libertinaje] vice;
    el vicio y la virtud vice and virtue
    2. [actividad inmoral] vice;
    gasta todo lo que gana en vicios he spends everything he earns on his vices
    3. [afición excesiva]
    fuma mucho, pero quiere dejar el vicio she smokes a lot, but she wants to give up (the habit);
    Fam
    para mí, viajar es un vicio I'm addicted to travelling;
    Fam
    de vicio [fenomenal] brilliant;
    esta tarta está de vicio this cake is yummy o scrumptious;
    nos lo pasamos de vicio we had a great o fantastic time;
    quejarse o [m5] llorar de vicio to complain for no (good) reason
    4. [mala costumbre] bad habit, vice;
    vicios posturales bad postural habits
    5. [defecto, error] defect;
    tiene un vicio al andar he walks in a strange way
    vicio de dicción incorrect use of language; Der vicio de forma minor procedural irregularity
    * * *
    m
    1 vice;
    pasarlo de vicio fam have a great time
    2 COM defect;
    vicio oculto hidden defect
    * * *
    vicio nm
    1) : vice, depravity
    2) : bad habit
    3) : defect, blemish
    * * *
    vicio n (adicción) bad habit

    Spanish-English dictionary > vicio

  • 17 atento

    adj.
    1 attentive, heedful, careful, alert.
    2 attentive, courteous, heedful, helpful.
    3 polite, courteous.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: atentar.
    * * *
    1 attentive
    2 (amable) polite, courteous
    \
    estar atento,-a a algo (prestar atención) to pay attention to something 2 (estar alerta) to be on the alert for something, keep an eye out for something, be on the lookout for
    * * *
    (f. - atenta)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=pendiente) [persona] attentive; [mirada] watchful

    tenéis que estar atentos en clase — you have to be attentive in class, you have to pay attention in class

    estáte atento y avísanos si lo ves — stay alert o keep a look out and let us know if you see him

    estar atento a — [+ explicación] to pay attention to; [+ peligro] to be on the alert for, be on the lookout for; [+ movimiento, ruido] to listen out for

    hay que estar atento a cualquier error — you have to watch o listen out for the slightest mistake

    2) (=cortés) attentive

    un dependiente muy atento — a very helpful o attentive sales assistant

    como indicaba en su atenta carta — frm as indicated in your kind letter frm

    su atento y seguro servidor — frm yours truly

    3)

    atento a algo — in view of sth, in consideration of sth frm

    atento a que — considering that, in view of the fact that

    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( que presta atención) <alumno/público> attentive
    b) ( alerta)

    atento! que te quemás! — (como interj) (RPl) watch out, you'll burn yourself!

    2)
    a) ( amable) <esposo/anfitrión/camarero> attentive

    en respuesta a su atenta carta — (Corresp) (frml) in reply to your kind letter

    b) ( cortés) courteous
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( que presta atención) <alumno/público> attentive
    b) ( alerta)

    atento! que te quemás! — (como interj) (RPl) watch out, you'll burn yourself!

    2)
    a) ( amable) <esposo/anfitrión/camarero> attentive

    en respuesta a su atenta carta — (Corresp) (frml) in reply to your kind letter

    b) ( cortés) courteous
    * * *
    atento1
    1 = careful, observant, vigilant, watchful, alert.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: The format of the description in an analytical entry requires careful consideration.

    Ex: Every member of staff has a duty to be observant where safety is concerned.
    Ex: After a discussion of the historical background to copyright, the reasons why libraries have had to become vigilant about infringement of copyright are examined.
    Ex: Though in the teacher's case it does mean that he is more watchful for opportunities.
    Ex: The alert interviewer may secure valuable unsolicited information as a by-product.
    * estar atento a = be on the lookout for, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

    atento2
    2 = attentive, considerate, obliging, kind [kinder -comp., kindest -sup.].

    Ex: Thus in an attentive reader literature is expansive, visionary, challenging, subversive, in the true and best sense.

    Ex: Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex: There are different styles of handling interpersonal conflict such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising.
    Ex: I would like to extend my thanks to our host who was kind enough to invite me.

    * * *
    atento -ta
    A
    1 (que presta atención) ‹alumno/público› attentive
    estáte atento pay attention
    estar atento A algo to pay attention TO sth
    nunca está atento a las explicaciones he never pays attention o listens when you explain things to him
    2
    (alerta): estáte atento y avísame si viene alguien stay alert and let me know if anyone comes
    escuchaba con oídos atentos she listened attentively o carefully
    ¡atento! ¡que te quemás! ( como interj) ( RPl); watch out, you'll burn yourself!
    estar atento A algo to be on the alert FOR sth
    estaba atento al menor sonido/movimiento he listened out for o was on the alert for the slightest sound/movement
    B (amable) attentive
    un camarero muy atento a very attentive o helpful waiter
    es muy atento, siempre contesta a todas las cartas he's very courteous, he answers every letter
    se mostró poco atenta con los invitados she wasn't very attentive to her guests
    en respuesta a su atenta carta ( Corresp) ( frml); in reply to your kind letter
    * * *

     

    Del verbo atentar: ( conjugate atentar)

    atento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    atentó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    atentar    
    atento
    atentar ( conjugate atentar) verbo intransitivo:

    atento contra la seguridad del Estado to threaten national security
    atento -ta adjetivo
    1
    a) ( que presta atención) ‹alumno/público› attentive;

    estar atento (a algo) to pay attention (to sth)
    b) ( alerta):


    estar atento a algo to be on the alert for sth
    2
    a) ( amable) ‹esposo/anfitrión/camarero› attentive;

    ser atento con algn to be kind to sb

    atentar verbo intransitivo esta mañana atentaron contra la vida de un famoso escritor, there was an attempt on a famous writer's life this morning
    atento,-a adjetivo
    1 attentive: estáte atento a los niños, keep an eye on the children
    2 (amable) considerate, thoughtful
    ' atento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atenta
    - correcta
    - correcto
    - para
    - pendiente
    - comedido
    - cumplido
    - mostrar
    - recibir
    - servidor
    English:
    alert
    - appreciative
    - attentive
    - careless
    - intent
    - listen for
    - listen out for
    - mindful
    - thoughtful
    - watch out
    - considerate
    - inattentive
    - obliging
    - watch
    * * *
    atento, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [pendiente] attentive;
    un alumno muy atento a very attentive pupil;
    una lectura atenta de la ley permite ver que… careful reading of the law shows that…;
    estar atento a [explicación, programa, lección] to pay attention to;
    [ruido, sonido] to listen out for; [acontecimientos, cambios, avances] to keep up with;
    escucha atento lo que te voy a decir listen carefully to what I'm going to tell you;
    se manifestaron bajo la atenta mirada de la policía they demonstrated under the watchful eye of the police
    2. [cortés]
    es tan atenta con todo el mundo she's so friendly and kind to everyone;
    tienes que ser más atento con los invitados you should pay more attention to your guests;
    ¡qué chico más atento! what a nice young man!
    ♦ interj
    RP Fam watch out!, be careful!;
    ¡atento a la señal! wait for the signal
    * * *
    adj attentive;
    estar atento a algo pay attention to sth
    * * *
    atento, -ta adj
    1) : attentive, mindful
    2) cortés: courteous
    * * *
    atento adj
    1. (amable) kind / helpful

    Spanish-English dictionary > atento

  • 18 medida

    f.
    1 measurement.
    ¿qué medidas tiene el contenedor? what are the measurements of the container?
    tomar las medidas a alguien to take somebody's measurements
    2 measure, step.
    adoptar o tomar medidas to take measures o steps
    medida preventiva preventive measure
    medidas de seguridad safety measures
    3 moderation.
    sin medida without moderation
    4 extent, degree (grado).
    ¿en qué medida nos afecta? to what extent does it affect us?
    en cierta/gran medida to some/a large extent
    en mayor/menor medida to a greater/lesser extent
    en la medida de lo posible as far as possible
    5 course of action.
    6 quantity, amount.
    7 scoop, scoopful.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: medir.
    * * *
    1 (acción) measuring; (dato, número) measurement
    ■ ¿qué medidas tienes? what are your measurements?
    2 (disposición) measure
    3 (grado) extent
    4 (prudencia) moderation
    5 LITERATURA measure, metre
    \
    a (la) medida (traje) made-to-measure
    en la medida de lo posible as far as possible
    tomar/adoptar medidas to take steps, take measures
    tomarle las medidas a alguien to take somebody's measurements
    medida de capacidad measure of capacity
    medida de longitud measure of length
    medida de seguridad security measure
    medida de volumen measure of volume
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) measure, measurement
    2) step
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=unidad de medida) measure
    2) (=medición) measuring, measurement
    3) pl medidas (=dimensiones) measurements

    ¿qué medidas tiene la mesa? — what are the measurements of the table?

    ¿cuáles son tus medidas? — what are your measurements?

    • tomar las medidas a algn/algo — (lit) to measure sb/sth, take sb's/sth's measurements; (fig) to size sb/sth up *

    4) (=proporción)

    • en cierta medida — to a certain extent

    • en gran medida — to a great extent

    • en menor medida — to a lesser extent

    • en la medida de lo posible — as far as possible, insofar as it is possible

    • a medida que — as

    en la medida en que — + indic in that; + subjun if

    solo cambiarán el tratamiento en la medida en que los resultados sean negativos — the treatment will only be altered if the results are negative

    5) (Cos)

    • a (la) medida — [ropa, zapatos] made to measure; [trabajo, vacaciones] tailor-made

    • de o sobre medida — Chile [ropa, zapatos] made-to-measure

    • venir a (la) medida — (lit) to be the right size; (fig) to be tailor-made

    6) LAm (=talla) size

    ¿cuál es su medida? — what size do you take?

    ¿qué medida de cuello tiene usted? — what collar size are you?, what is your collar measurement?

    • ropa a sobre medida — Méx outsize clothing

    7) (=disposición) measure

    • adoptar o tomar medidas — to take measures, take steps

    medida cautelar, medida de precaución — precautionary measure

    medidas de seguridad — [contra ataques, robos] security measures; [contra incendios] safety measures

    paquete 1., 3)
    8) (=moderación)

    • con medida — in moderation

    • sin medida — to excess

    9) [de versos] (=medición) measuring, scansion; (=longitud) measure
    * * *
    1) (Mat) ( dimensión) measurement

    ¿qué medidas tiene el cuarto? — what are the dimensions of the room?

    a (la) medida — <traje/zapato> custom-made (AmE), made-to-measure (BrE)

    a medida que — as

    3) ( objeto) measure; ( contenido) measure

    colmar la medida: eso colmó la medida — that was the last straw

    4) (grado, proporción)

    en gran/cierta/menos medida — to a large/certain/lesser extent

    6) (Lit) measure
    7) ( disposición) measure
    * * *
    1) (Mat) ( dimensión) measurement

    ¿qué medidas tiene el cuarto? — what are the dimensions of the room?

    a (la) medida — <traje/zapato> custom-made (AmE), made-to-measure (BrE)

    a medida que — as

    3) ( objeto) measure; ( contenido) measure

    colmar la medida: eso colmó la medida — that was the last straw

    4) (grado, proporción)

    en gran/cierta/menos medida — to a large/certain/lesser extent

    6) (Lit) measure
    7) ( disposición) measure
    * * *
    medida1
    1 = measure, scale, metric.

    Ex: One measure of a library's market is the number of reference questions dealt with at the reference desk or through electronic reference.

    Ex: The apparent size of the face is measured directly with a finely graduated scale and a magnifying glass.
    Ex: The author outlines quantitative metrics that measure information technology productivity from the perspective of the overall rate of return to the organization.
    * a medida = custom, bespoke.
    * conseguir en gran medida + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * considerar en su justa medida = see + in proportion.
    * contribuir en gran medida a + Infinitivo = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio, go far in + Gerundio, go far towards + Gerundio.
    * en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.
    * en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en gran medida = by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en igual medida = similarly.
    * en la medida de lo posible = so far as possible.
    * en la medida en que = in that, so long as, to the extent that, insofar as [in so far as], to the degree that.
    * en mayor medida = to a greater extent, to a greater degree, a fortiori, to a larger degree, to a larger extent.
    * en mayor o menor medida = to a greater or lesser extent.
    * hacer a medida = custom-make, make to + order.
    * hacer a medida para satisfacer los requisitos = tailor to + meet the specification.
    * hacerse a medida de una aplicación práctica concreta = tailor to + application.
    * hecho a medida = customised [customized, -USA], purpose-designed, tailored, tailor-made [tailormade], custom-made, custom-built [custom built], custom-designed [custom designed], custom-tailored [custom tailored], bespoke, made to measure, fitted, made-to-order.
    * influir en gran medida = become + a force.
    * la medida en que = the extent to which.
    * ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.
    * medida cuantitativa = quantitative measure.
    * medida de productividad = output measure.
    * medida de rendimiento = performance measure, output measure.
    * medidas y colindancias = metes and bounds.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.

    medida2
    2 = arrangement, countermeasure [counter measure], measure.

    Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.

    Ex: This article reviews the extent of book theft in libraries and discusses some effective countermeasures that may help reduce the problem.
    Ex: If we as a society hope to deal with a very real and important issue, the implementation of this popular measure is a good place to start.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * como medida temporal = as an interim measure.
    * como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.
    * medida de austeridad = austerity measure.
    * medida de contrapeso = counterbalance.
    * medida de control = control measure.
    * medida de emergencia = emergency measure.
    * medida defensiva = line of defence.
    * medida de fuerza = crackdown.
    * medida de precaución = security precaution, precautionary measure.
    * medida de protección = safeguard.
    * medida de ralentización del tráfico = traffic calming measure.
    * medida de seguridad = safety standard, security measure, safety regulation, safety precaution.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * medida disciplinaria = disciplinary measure.
    * medida draconiana = draconian measure.
    * medida económica = economic measure.
    * medida enérgica = crackdown.
    * medida estructural = structural measure.
    * medida extrema = dire measure.
    * medida paliativa = palliative measure.
    * medida preventiva = preventative measure, precautionary measure, preventive measure, preemptive measure, safeguard.
    * medida provisional = stop gap measure, stopgap [stop-gap], stopgap measure, stopgap measure.
    * medidas = action.
    * medidas correctivas = corrective action, remedial action.
    * medidas de prevención = prevention efforts, prevention measures.
    * medidas disciplinarias = disciplining.
    * medidas drásticas = clampdown (on).
    * medidas preventivas = preventive care, ounce of prevention, preventative care.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * primera medida = initial step.
    * proponer medidas = propose + measures.
    * toma de medidas = action.
    * tomar medida = take + action step.
    * tomar medidas = follow + steps, take + precaution, take + steps, take + measures, produce + contingency plan, make + contingency plan, apply + measures, undertake + action.
    * tomar medidas (contra) = take + action (against).
    * tomar medidas correctivas = pose + corrective action, take + corrective action, take + remedial action.
    * tomar medidas demasiado drásticas = throw + the baby out with the bath water.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad = take + safety precautions.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad más estrictas = tighten + security.
    * tomar medidas drásticas contra = clamp down on.
    * tomar medidas enérgicas contra = crack down on.
    * tomar medidas preventivas = take + preventive measures.

    medida3
    * a medida que = as.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que pasaba el tiempo = as time passed (by), as time went by.
    * a medida que pasa el tiempo = as time goes by, as time passes (by).
    * a medida que pasa + Expresión Temporal = as + Expresión Temporal + go by.
    * a medida que + pasar + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + pasar + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * a medida que se necesite = on demand, on request, as required.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el año = as the year + wear on.
    * a medida que + transcurrir + el día = as the day + wear on.
    * * *
    A ( Mat) (dimensión) measurement
    anota las medidas de la lavadora make a note of the measurements of the washing machine
    ¿qué medidas tiene el cuarto? what are the dimensions of the room?
    ¿cuáles son las medidas reglamentarias de una piscina olímpica? what's the regulation size of an olympic pool?
    la modista me tomó las medidas the dressmaker took my measurements
    tomar las medidas de algo to measure something
    Compuesto:
    surface measurement
    B ( en locs):
    a (la) medida: un traje (hecho) a medida a custom-made suit ( AmE), a made-to-measure suit ( BrE)
    usa zapatos a medida he wears made-to-measure shoes
    servicios diseñados a la medida custom-designed services
    a la medida de algo: fabricamos muebles a la medida de su exigencia we manufacture furniture to meet all your requirements
    éste es un proyecto a la medida de su ambición this is a project in keeping with o which matches his ambitions
    necesita una actividad a la medida de su talento he needs a job which will suit o which is commensurate with his abilities
    a medida que va pasando el tiempo uno se va adaptando as time goes on, one (gradually) adapts
    a medida que se acercaba la fecha se ponía más y más nervioso as the date drew closer he got more and more nervous
    a medida que la fue conociendo se fue desengañando the more he got to know her o the better he got to know her o as he got to know her the more disillusioned he became
    C
    1 (objeto) measure
    2 (contenido) measure
    un vaso de leche por cada medida de cacao one glass of milk per measure of cocoa
    llenar or colmar la medida: eso colmó la medida, ya no estaba dispuesto a aguantar más that was the last straw, I wasn't going to take any more
    Compuestos:
    cubic measure
    ● medida (de capacidad) para áridos/líquidos
    dry/liquid measure
    D
    (grado, proporción): en buena or gran medida to a great o large extent
    en cierta/menor medida to a certain/lesser extent
    intentaremos, en la medida de lo posible, satisfacer a todo el mundo insofar as it is possible o as far as possible we will try to satisfy everyone
    intentará hacer algo por ti en la medida en que le sea posible she'll try and do whatever she can for you
    E
    (moderación): come con medida he eats moderately
    gastan dinero sin medida they spend money like water, they're very extravagant (with money)
    F ( Lit) measure
    G (disposición) measure
    la huelga y otras medidas de presión the strike and other forms of pressure
    expulsarlo me parece una medida demasiado drástica I think expelling him is too drastic a step o is a rather drastic measure
    tomar medidas to take steps o measures
    me veré en la obligación de tomar medidas más estrictas I will be obliged to adopt more severe measures
    tomaré todas las medidas necesarias para que no vuelva a suceder I will take all the necessary steps to see that this does not happen again
    es conveniente tomar estas pastillas como medida preventiva it's advisable to take these pills as a preventive measure
    Compuestos:
    preventative o precautionary measure
    security measures
    (en Ur) emergency security measures
    * * *

     

    medida sustantivo femenino
    1 (Mat) ( dimensión) measurement;

    tomar las medidas de algo to measure something
    2 ( en locs)
    ◊ a (la) medida ‹traje/zapato› custom-made (AmE), made-to-measure (BrE);

    a medida que as;
    a medida que fue creciendo as he grew up
    3 ( utensilio) measure;
    ( contenido) measure
    4 (grado, proporción):
    ◊ en gran/cierta medida to a large/certain extent;

    en la medida de lo posible as far as possible
    5 ( disposición) measure;
    ◊ tomar medidas to take steps o measures

    medida sustantivo femenino
    1 (medición) measurement
    (unidad) measure
    una medida de peso, a measure of weight
    la medida del tiempo, the measurement of time
    2 (grado, intensidad) extent: no sé en qué medida nos afectará, I don't know to what extent it will affect us
    3 Pol measure
    una medida injusta, a unfair measure
    ' medida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abusiva
    - abusivo
    - acre
    - afectar
    - área
    - arroba
    - braza
    - carácter
    - concertar
    - conforme
    - conveniente
    - corpulencia
    - desatar
    - desesperación
    - efectividad
    - eficacia
    - eficaz
    - encaminada
    - encaminado
    - gratuita
    - gratuito
    - impracticable
    - incidencia
    - justa
    - justo
    - Libra
    - malestar
    - metro
    - onza
    - patrón
    - patrona
    - perjudicar
    - pertinencia
    - pie
    - pinta
    - polemizar
    - providencia
    - punto
    - quintal
    - repercusión
    - resistencia
    - saludar
    - según
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - solidaria
    - solidario
    - superflua
    - superfluo
    English:
    acre
    - check off
    - custom
    - depth
    - dessertspoon
    - dishonest
    - extent
    - far
    - fitted
    - foot
    - gauge
    - give
    - importantly
    - ineffective
    - insofar
    - lesser
    - linear measure
    - lorry
    - made-to-measure
    - measure
    - measurement
    - pint
    - push through
    - quart
    - severe
    - severity
    - step
    - stone
    - strike off
    - tailor-made
    - temporary
    - ton
    - unit
    - waist
    - way
    - yard
    - as
    - fitting
    - gill
    - insofar as
    - made
    - move
    - tailor
    - walk
    * * *
    medida nf
    1. [dimensión, medición] measurement;
    ¿qué medidas tiene el contenedor? what are the measurements of the container?;
    unidades de medida units of measurement;
    a (la) medida [mueble] custom-built;
    [ropa, calzado] made-to-measure;
    es una casa/un trabajo a tu medida it's the ideal house/job for you, it's as if the house/job were made for you;
    a (la) medida de mi deseo just as I would have wanted it;
    medidas [del cuerpo] measurements;
    tomar las medidas a alguien to take sb's measurements;
    tomar las medidas de algo to measure sth;
    Fig
    le tengo tomada la medida al jefe I know what the boss is like;
    Fig
    ya le voy tomando la medida al nuevo trabajo I'm getting the hang of the new job
    medida de capacidad measure [liquid or dry]
    2. [cantidad específica] measure;
    el daiquiri lleva una medida de limón por cada tres de ron a daiquiri is made with one part lemon to three parts rum
    3. [disposición] measure, step;
    adoptar o [m5] tomar medidas to take measures o steps;
    yo ya he tomado mis medidas I'm prepared, I've made my preparations;
    tomar medidas disciplinarias (contra) to take disciplinary action (against);
    medidas de choque emergency measures;
    medidas de seguridad [contra accidentes] safety precautions;
    [contra delincuencia] security measures
    4. [moderación] moderation;
    con/sin medida in/without moderation
    5. [grado] extent;
    ¿en qué medida nos afecta? to what extent does it affect us?;
    en cierta/gran medida to some/a large extent;
    en mayor/menor medida to a greater/lesser extent;
    en la medida de lo posible as far as possible;
    a medida que iban entrando as they were coming in;
    Formal
    6. Lit [de verso] measure
    * * *
    f
    1 ( unidad) measure; acto measurement;
    hecho a medida made to measure;
    está hecho a medida de mis necesidades it’s tailor-made for me;
    tomar las medidas a alguien take s.o.’s measurements;
    tomar medidas fig take measures o
    steps
    2 ( grado) extent;
    en mayor medida to a greater extent
    3
    :
    * * *
    medida nf
    1) : measurement, measure
    hecho a medida: custom-made
    2) : measure, step
    tomar medidas: to take steps
    3) : moderation, prudence
    sin medida: immoderately
    4) : extent, degree
    en gran medida: to a great extent
    * * *
    1. (extensión) measurement
    te vamos a tomar las medidas we're going to take your measurements / we're going to measure you
    ¿qué medidas tiene la mesa? how big is the table?
    2. (unidad, acción) measure

    Spanish-English dictionary > medida

  • 19 अधि _adhi

    अधि ind.
    1 (As a prefix to verbs) over, above; (अधिकार); ˚स्था to stand over; ˚कृ to place over or at the head of; ˚रुह् to grow over or above; over and above, besides, in addition to (आधिक्य); fully, completely (अतिशय, विशेष), to get something in addition to another; अधिगत्य जगत्यधीश्वरात् having obtained fully, अधि inten- sifying the meaning of the root; इतो वा सातिमीमहे दिवो वा पार्थिवादधि Rv.1.6.1; (अधीमहे आधिक्येन याचामहे).
    -2 (As a separable adverb) Over, above, from above (mostly Vedic); षष्टिर्वारासो अधि षट् Rv.7.18.14.
    -3 (As a preposition) with acc. (a) Above, over, upon, in (उपरि); यं दन्तमधिजायते नाडी तं दन्तमुद्धरेत् Suśr. अध्यधि Just above; लोकानुपर्युपर्यास्ते$धो$धो$ध्यधि च माधवः Bopadeva; with gen. also; ये नाकस्याधि रोचने दिवि Rv. 1.19.6 above the sun; ˚विटपि Śi.7.35; ˚त्वत् 7.41; ˚रजनि at night. अधिरजनि जगाम धाम तस्याः 52. (b) with reference to, concerning, in the case of, on the subject of (अधिकृत्य) (mostly in adverbial compounds in this sense); हरौ इति अधिहरि; so अधिस्त्रि; कृष्णमधिकृत्य प्रवृत्ता कथा अधिकृष्णम्; so ˚ज्योतिषम्, ˚लोकम्, ˚दैवम्, ˚दैवतम् treating of stars &c.; ˚पुरन्ध्रि Śi.6.32 in the case of women. (c) (With abl.) Just over, more than (अधिक); सत्त्वादधि महानात्मा Kath.; अविदितादधि (d) (With loc.) Over, on or upon, above (showing lordship or sovereignty over something) (ऐश्वर्य); अधिरीश्वरे P.1.4.97; अधिभुवि रामः P.II.3.9 Sk. Rāma rules over the earth; the country ruled over may be used with loc. of 'ruler'; अधि रामे भूः ibid; प्रहारवर्म- ण्यधि विदेहा जाताः Dk.77 subject to, under the government of, become the property or possession of (अधि denoting स्वत्वं in this case); under, inferior to (हीन); अधि हरौ सुराः (Bopadeva) the gods are under Hari.
    -4 (As first member of Tatpuruṣa compounds) (a) Chief, supreme, principal, presiding; ˚देवता presiding deity; ˚राजः supreme or soverign ruler; ˚पतिः supreme lord &c. (b) Redundant, superfluous (growing over anoth- er); ˚दन्तः = अध्यारूढः (दन्तस्योपरि जातः) दन्तः P.VI.2. 188. (c) Over, excessive; ˚अधिक्षेपः high censure. According to G. M. अधि has these senses. अधिरध्ययनैश्वर्य- वशित्वस्मरणाधिके । e. g.; उपाध्यायादधीते; इङो$ध्ययनार्थकत्वस्य अधिद्योतकः; अधिपतिः (ऐश्वर्ये); अधीनः (वशित्वे) अधिगतः इनं; मातुरध्येति (स्मरणे); अधिकम् (अधिके).
    -5 Instead of; इदमग्ने सुधितं दुर्धितादधि प्रियादु चिन्मन्मनः प्रेय अस्तु ते Rv.1.14. 11. In the Veda अधि is supposed by B. and R. to have the senses of 'out of', 'from', 'of', 'among', 'before', 'beforehand', 'for', 'in favour of', 'in', 'at'.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अधि _adhi

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